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Psych 101 Research Methods Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on research methods for Psych 101. *Essential!! *For you,at a price that's fair enough!!

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  • August 27, 2024
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  • 2018/2019
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  • Prof. samantha
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anyiamgeorge19
9/10/18



Intro to Psych 101
Chapter 2 – Research Methods
Overview:
- The Challenge of Research Methods
- Research Goals and Research Designs
- Data: Quantitative and Qualitative
- Obtaining Scientific Evidence: Psychological and Biological
- Scientific Explanation
- The Ethics of Research
- Looking Back and Looking Ahead
The Challenge of Research Methods
- People do not always answer honestly
- The research procedure may alter people’s feelings
- People may answer differently at a different time
- Other people’s opinions may have differed
- The varied question phrasing may have affected the answers
- Some responses may be difficult to interpret
- The summary of people’s responses may be inaccurate
Research Goals and Research Designs
- Two key research designs:
o Surveys
 A research design in which researchers obtain descriptive information
about a large group of people by studying a select subgroup of them
 Used to collect various evidence types (Punch, 2003)
 Population and Sample:
 Population = the overall, large group of people of interest to a
researcher conducting a study
 Sample = the select subgroup of people contacted by a researcher,
who uses info from the sample to draw conclusions about the
population as a whole
o Sampling approaches:
 Random sample
 A sample in which each individual’s
inclusion, or not, is determined by a chance
process
o Participants who self-select into a
study =/= random sample
 Representative sample

, 9/10/18


 A sample in which the qualities of the
individuals included match those of the
overall population
o Match based on typical demographic
criteria of population
 Race/ethnicity, gender,
biological sex, sexual
orientation, age
Core Characteristics of Surveys
Types of Surveys:
- Cross-sectional (one single survey)
- Longitudinal/prospective (multiple surveys across time)
o Pros:
 Cost and time effective
 Require minimal interaction with the participants
 Allows us to ask questions about a wide range of cognitions, emotions and
behaviors
o Cons
 Must have a good understanding of the phenomenon you are studying
ahead of time in order to choose appropriate measures
 Can’t ask follow-up questions if participant responses are confusing or
seem contradictory
 Impact of social desirability
 Our responses are impacted by our desire to be positively
evaluated by others
- Survey methods cannot establish causal relationships.
o Cross sectional – 1 time assessment
 No true temporal ordering – all of the variables are assessed at one
timepoint
o Longitudinal – 3 or more across time
 Can establish temporal ordering, Variable A at Time 1 -> Variable B at
Time 2
- What do you need to have to determine causality?
o Covariation – there must be a change in the DV as a result of a change in the IV
o Temporal precedence
 The IV must proceed the observed change in the DV.
 If the IV and DV occur at the same time, we cannot be sure which is the
cause and which is the effect – Correlation studies have this issue
o Rule out all plausible alternative hypothesis
 Don’t use the word “cause”.

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