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Toxi exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers
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Toxi exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers
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Toxi exam 4 Questions with Correct AnswersAliphatic alcohols Correct Answer-contain the -OH group
Two alcohols and a diol Correct Answer-All have relatively high LD50s,
yet human poisonings - often self-imposed - occur. Note that humans
and cats more sensitive than rats to ethylene glycol acute toxicity.
Of the chronic effects, fetal alcohol syndrome is the most important.
Abbreviations Correct Answer-carc = carcinogenesis
mutag = mutagenesis
repro = reproductive toxicity
terato = teratogenesis i.e., causes birth defects;
TBD = to be determined
ALCOHOLS of Toxicological Significance Methanol, Ethanol, Ethylene
Glycol Correct Answer-H Ethanol CH3C OH
H
Acute Tox, LD50
400 mg/kg (oral, mouse) 6 - 14 gm/kg
(oral, rat/rabbit)
Irritation
Chronic Tox
TBD - carc.
NEG. - mutag.
POS/? - repro (male rat)
- terato (rat; high-dose) NEG. - carc., mutag.
,POS - terato.(HUMAN Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
NEG. - carc., mutag., repro.
POS. - terato.
Prepared by Sharon A. Meyer, 10/25/04
Methanol
H3C OH
~16 gm (20 ml)/kg (dermal, rabbit)
~ 7 gm (9 ml)/kg (oral, rat/mouse)
[~ 500-600 ml/human] ~1 pint
~5 gm/kg (oral, rat)
< 5 gm/kg
(oral, cat & human) (rabbit: 500mg/24hr)
~10 gm/kg (dermal, rabbit)
skin -- 400 mg; mild (rabbit, non-occluded)
eye -- mild (rabbit: 500mg/24hr)
skin -- 555 mg; mild (rabbit, non-occluded)
Ethylene
H
HO C-C OH
H Glycol
eye -- mild
H
H
methanol and ethanol are volatile and flammable. Correct Answer-Kow,
the distribution of a material in oil (octanol) vs. water at equilibrium, is
an indication of the lipophilicity. Higher values indicate greater
lipophilicity, such as the value 676 for carbon tetrachloride. Simple,
short chain alcohols tend to be of low lipophilicity, i.e., are water
,soluble. [Note: negative numbers for exponents indicate solubility in
water > oil.]
Forensic Science Correct Answer-any science used in public, court or
justice system
- Any science used for the purposes of the law
-based on sound scientific principles including the scientific method.
The scientific method is made up of hypotheses, data and theories. When
scientists apply these principles and methods towards the legal arena,
they are known as "forensic" scientist.
Forensic Scientist Correct Answer-The forensic scientist is first, a
scientist.
When he applies his scientific knowledge to assist juries, attorneys and
judges in understanding science, he is a forensic scientist.
The 10 Fields of Forensic Science Correct Answer-Criminalistics -
collection and analysis of physical evidence;
Engineering Science - accident reconstruction
General - forensic photography, facial reconstruction, accounting,
computers
Jurisprudence - lawyers/judges with forensic background;
Odontology - dental/bite mark analysis
Pathology/Biology - medical examiner/autopsy;
Physical Anthropology - skeletal/bone identification
, Psychiatry/Behavioral - criminal profiling; Questioned Documents - fake
signatures/document identification
Toxicology
The CSI Effect Correct Answer-• PopularCSI-liketvshows
- Glamorize the field of forensics
- Overstate the accuracies of forensic techniques
- Exaggerate the abilities of forensic science • Criminalinvestigaton
• DNA testing
• Skewspublicperceptionofreal-worldforensics - Jury members
- Prosecutors
a phenomenon brought on by the popularity of CSI-like television shows
watched by millions nightly. The unrealistic techniques and results
portrayed in these programs have set up an expectation by laypersons
that forensic cases should be solved quickly (after all, these shows only
last an hour) and with absolute accuracy (the criminal is always caught
based on the evidence). This especially is of concern in the courtroom
setting.
Forensic toxicology Correct Answer-an applied field; a subspecialty of
forensic science. The fundamental principles of toxicology most relevant
here are those useful as evidence that exposure to a poison or drug of
abuse has occurred and those that predict time of exposure.
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