Exam (elaborations)
OAT Biology exam questions and answers
- Course
- Institution
OAT Biology exam questions and answers
[Show more]
Content preview
OAT Biology exam questions and answersMonomers - single molecules that can potentially polymerize.
Polymers - substances made up of many monomers joined together in chains.
Carbohydrates - contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO). They can
come in the form of monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
-preferred energy source since they are easily catabolized and are high yield (4
kcal/gram)
Monosaccharides - carbohydrate monomers with an empirical formula of (CH2O)n
. "n" represents the number of carbons.
Ribose - a five carbon monosaccharide.
Fructose - a six carbon monosaccharide.
Glucose - a six carbon monosaccharide.
Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other (same chemical formula, different
arrangement of atoms).
,OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Disaccharides - contain two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic
bond. It is the result of a dehydration (condensation) reaction, where a water
molecule leaves and a covalent bond forms. A hydrolysis reaction is the opposite,
through which a covalent bond is broken by the addition of water.
-can undergo hydrolysis to release two carbohydrate monomers, which can enter
glycolysis
Sucrose - disaccharide made of glucose + fructose
Lactose - disaccharide made of galactose + glucose
Maltose - disaccharide made of glucose + glucose
Polysaccharides - contain multiple monosaccharides connected by glycosidic
bonds to form long polymers.
Starch - form of energy storage for plants and is an alpha (α) bonded
polysaccharide. Linear starch is called amylose; the branched form is amylopectin.
Glycogen - form of energy storage for humans and is an alpha (α) bonded
polysaccharide. It has much more branching than starch
,OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Cellulose - structural component in plant cell walls, and is a beta (β) bonded
polysaccharide. Linear strands packed rigidly in parallel.
Chitin - structural component in fungi cell walls and insect exoskeletons. It is a
beta (β) bonded polysaccharide with nitrogen added to each monomer.
Proteins - contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms (CHON). These
atoms combine to form amino acids, which link together to build polypeptides (or
proteins)
-east desirable energy source because the processes to get them into cellular
respiration take considerable energy and proteins are needed for many essential
functions in the body
-broken down into amino acids, which must first undergo oxidative deamination
(removal of NH3) before being shuttled to various parts of cellular respiration -->
Ammonia (NH3) is toxic, so it must be converted into uric acid or urea depending
on the species and excreted from the body. For example, humans convert
ammonia into urea, which is excreted as urine
proteome - refers to all the proteins expressed by one type of cell under one set
of conditions.
, OAT Biology exam questions and answers
Polypeptides - polymers of amino acids and are joined by peptide bonds through
dehydration (condensation) reactions.
-polypeptide becomes an amino acid chain that contains two end terminals on
opposite sides
Hydrolysis reactions - break peptide bonds
N-terminus (amino terminus) - the side that ends with the last amino acid's amino
group.
C-terminus (carboxyl terminus) - polypeptide is the side that ends with the last
amino acid's carboxyl group
Protein structure - 1. Primary structure - sequence of a.a..
2. Secondary structure - intermolecular forces between the polypeptide backbone
(not R-groups) due to hydrogen bonding. Forms α-helices or β-pleated sheets.
3. Tertiary structure - three-dimensional structure due to interactions between R-
groups. Can create hydrophobic or hydrophilic spaces based on the R-groups.
Disulfide bonds are created by covalent bonding between the R-groups of two
cysteine a.a.'s.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Ellah1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80364 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now