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AP Biology Midterm Review (Answered) 100% Correct. 2024/2025.
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AP Biology Midterm Review (Answered) 100% Correct. 2024/2025.
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AP Biology Midterm Review (Answered)100% Correct. 2024/2025.
Dehydration
connecting monomers together by the removal of water
Hydrolysis
disassembling polymers by the addition of water
Disaccharides
glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides
Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids
, hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Fats
consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon
tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids
consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Protein structure and organization
composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and
folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4)
Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8)
1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7)
motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids
DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores,
continuous with ER
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