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Summary HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study guide Key Terms to know Thompson Rivers University
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HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study guide Key Terms to know Thompson Rivers University
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HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology Final ExamStudy guide Key Terms to know Thompson
Rivers University
, HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study guide Key Terms to know Thompson Rivers University
Achalasia - --Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax due to a loss of innervation which causes
food to accumulate and dilate the esophagus and can contribute to chronic inflammation in the
esophagus.
Sliding Hiatial Hernia - --A portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction moves above the
diaphragm when in supine and then slides back into to normal position once the person assumes a
standing position.
Rolling or Paraesophageal Hernia - --Part of the fundus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or
weakened hiatus in the diaphragm. Often compresses blood vessels and leads to ulceration.
Pyrosis - --Another term for heartburn. Experienced with reflux of contents into the esophagus.
Ulcerogenic Drugs - --Drugs that contribute to the formation of ulcers, especially when consumed on an
empty stomach. Example: aspirin
Basic Signs of GI Irritation - --- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Anorexia
What is the difference between irritation/inflammation of the gastric versus intestinal mucosa? - --
Gastric Mucosa: stimulates vomiting
Intestinal Mucosa: stimulates diarrhea as a result of increased motility, reduced absorption, and
sometimes increased secretions
Gastric Versus Duodenal Ulcer Location - --Gastric: antrum of the stomach or lower esophagus
Duodenal: proximal duodenum
,Development of a Peptic Ulcer in the Stomach - --1. Acid or pepsin penetrates the mucosal barrier due
to imbalance between mucosal defence and damaging forces
2. Tissues exposed to gastric acid and enzymes and the area around becomes inflamed
3. Damage to the gastric wall
4. Bleeding - amount is dependent on the blood vessel that is damaged
5. Erosion into the muscularis
6. Perforation of the wall
Causes of Peptic Ulcer - --- Decreased mucosal resistance (major cause of gastric ulcers): inadequate
blood supply that interferes with regeneration, reduction in bicarbonate ions in mucous, reduction in
prostaglandin secretion, excessive glucocorticoid secretion or intake, ulcerogenic substances, atrophy
due to chronic condition, stress response
- Excess HCl and pepsin (major cause of duodenal ulcers): increased gastrin, increased vagal stimulation
or sensitivity to it, increased number of secretory cells, increased secretory stimulation (caffeine,
alcohol, certain food), continued secretion on empty stomach due to error in feedback mechanism,
rapid gastric emptying, stress-induced behaviours
- Heliobacter pylori
Heliobacter Pylori - --- Secretes cytotoxins
- Secretes various enzymes: protease, phospholipase, and urease (releases ammonia)
- Damages the mucosal barrier of the stomach
- Common cause of gastric ulcers
Symptoms of Gastric Ulcers - --- Hemorrhage: indicated by hematemesis and shock with erosion of a
large blood vessel
- Occult blood: rupture of small blood vessel that causes continued loss of small amounts of blood
- Chemical peritonitis with perforation
- Bacterial peritonitis
, - Epigastric burning or aching pain at night or 2-3 hours after eating
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Vomiting - common after alcohol or spicy food
- Weight loss or gain (if eating frequency increases)
- Iron-deficiency anemia
Diverticulum - --Herniation or outpouching of the mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall,
most frequently the sigmoid colon. Develop at gaps between bands of longitudinal muscle that coincide
with openings of the circular muscle.
Curling Ulcers - --Ulcers that develop as a result of a burn injury
Cushing Ulcers - --Ulcers that develop as a result of a head injury
Diverticulosis - --Asymptomatic diverticular disease where multiple diverticula are often present
Diverticulitis - --Inflammation of the diverticula
Pathophysiology of Diverticular Disease - --- Weaker area of the wall leads to outward bulging of mucosa
when pressure increases (often in the lumen such as occurs with strong muscle contractions)
- Often associated with chronic constipation that causes muscle to hypertrophy in the colon and
increased intraluminal pressure and diverticula development
Signs and Symptoms of Diverticulitis - --- Inflammation occurs due to stasis of feces in the pouches in the
diverticula
- Lower left quadrant cramping or steady pain and tenderness
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