TEXT BANK FOR GUYTON AND HALL
TEXTBOOK 2024-2025 OF MEDICAL
PHYSIOLOGY, UPDATED ON JULY 22
2024 BY JOHN E. HALL (GRADED A+)
1.The image above of the Spanish explorer's arrival in Mexico most directly reflects
which of the following?
A. Native Americans' unfamiliarity with the use of horses in warfare gave mounted
Europeans a decisive military advantage
B. Europeans presented Spanish-grown fruits as gifts to the Native Americans
C. Native Americans presented indigenous horses as gifts to the newly-arrived Spanish
D. The Spanish and the Native American societies were at similar levels of
technological development
American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the
excerpt by?
A. Encouraging European colonists to accept American Indian cultural practices
B. Borrowing European political structures to organize their own societies
C.Adapting European m - 1. A .Columbian Exchange
2. C.Adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy
3.C.Significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe
4.C.Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans
"I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a
knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said,
that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that
their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so
long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some erros; that I
having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they out to
believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand
the true faith, they would follow my directions, as for being the best. Afterwards,
Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the
idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent
pleasure."- Letter from Hernan Cortes to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor an - 5. A.
Desire for increased power and status
,6. B. The presence of different and complex societies before European contact
7. C. The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native
Americans, and Africans
'...Tenochtitlan had been filled, raised, and expanded to an island city of 12-15 km (4.6-
5.8 mi). Causeways with drawbridges linked the island capital to the mainland and
aqueducts brought fresh water to the city's inhabitants. About 80 buildings comprised
the walled ceremonial core of the city. They included temples, palaces, dormitories, ball
courts, skull trophy racks, clubhouses, and platforms for dancing and ritual combat.
There were gardens and even a zoo. From all accounts the palaces were splendid
residences for the elites.' — Dean R. Snow, Archaeology of Native North America, 2010
1. The description of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico most directly supports
which of the following?
A. The largest and most sophisticated Indian civilizations were in the area of the
present-day United States
B. Native Americans did not have extensive trade networks in the pre-Columbian era
C. The city of Tenochtitlan w - 1.D. The largest and most sophisticated Indian
civilizations were in Mexico and South America
2.B. It was highly stratified with the emperor, aristocracy, and priests ruling over the
population
3. B. Aztec practice of decapitating human captives in ritual sacrifices
'The Indians are so accustomed to running that, without resting or getting tired, they run
from morning till night in pursuit of a deer, and kill a great many, because they follow
until the game is worn out, sometimes catching it alive. Their huts are of matting placed
over four arches. They carry them on their back and move every two or three days in
quest of food; they plant nothing that would be of any use. They are very merry people,
and even when famished do not cease to dance and celebrate their feasts and
ceremonials. Their best times are when 'tunas' (prickly pears) are ripe, because then
they have plenty to eat and spend the time on dancing and eating day and night. As
long as these tunas last they squeeze and open them and set them to dry. When dried
they are put in baskets like figs and kept to be eaten on the way. The peelings they
grind and pulverize... the woman... took them to a river that flows betwee - 4. C. There
was a mixture of nomadic, hunter-gatherer tribes and agricultural, settled tribes
5. B. The type of housing used by Indians was linked to the source of their food supply
6. D. The prickly pear was a staple in the diet of many indigenous peoples of the
Southwest
,'One other rare and strange accidentÉwhich mooved the whole countrey that either
knew or hearde of us, to have us in wonderfull admiration. There was no towne where
we had any subtile devise practised against us, we leaving it unpunished or not
revenged (because wee fought by all meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but
that within a few dayes after our departure from everie such towne, the people began to
die very fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie,
in some sixtie, and in one sixe score, which in trueth was very manie in respect of their
numbers. This happened in no place that wee coulde learne but where wee had bene,
where they used some practise against us, and after such time; The disease also so
strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by report of the
oldest men in the countrey never happened before, time out of minde. A thing spe - 7.
C. Europeans' unintentional transmission of Old World diseases, especially smallpox, to
the New World natives who had no immunities to them
8. D. Evil plotting and practices of some Indians against the Europeans
9. A. Deaths of many more Native Americans by disease than by warfare, making
European conquest easier
Mesoamerican Maize Cultivation
10. The image above depicts the Native American cultivation of maize (corn), which
was?
A. A crop indigenous to Africa
B. A variant of the type of corn indigenous to Europe
C. A crop unfamiliar to the Europeans
D. A crop introduced to America by Asians
"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists
transformed the forest into farmland... In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats
became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in
the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the
plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to
America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of
American Indian History, 2012
The excerpt describes effects of what?
A .Columbian Exchange
B. Great Awakening
C. Middle Passage
D. European Enlightenment
11. The introduction of maize, beans, and potatoes to Europe and sugar cane and
wheat to the Americas is most clearly an example of which of the following?
A. Triangular Trade
B. Treaty of Tordesillas
, C. Continental Divide
D. Columbian Exchange
12. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the transference of New World
foods to Europe?
A. A change in Indian eating habits and a sharp rise in Native American population
B. A change in European eating habits and a sharp rise in European population
C. A change in European eating habits and a sharp decrease in European population
D. A change in Indian eating habits due to widespre - 10. C. A crop unfamiliar to the
Europeans
11. D. Columbian Exchange
12. B. A change in European eating habits and a sharp rise in European population
'SIR: Since I know that you will be pleased at the great victory with which Our Lord has
crowned my voyage, I write this to you, from which you will learn how in thirty-three
days I passed from the Canary Islands to the Indies... The harbours of the sea here are
such as cannot be believed to exist unless they have been seen, and so with the rivers,
many and great, and of good water, the majority of which contain gold. In the trees,
fruits and plants, there is a great difference from those of Juana. In this island, there are
many spices and great mines of gold and of other metals. The people of this island and
of all the other islands which I have found and of which I have information, all go naked,
men and women... They have no iron or steel or weapons, nor are they fitted to use
them. In conclusion, to speak only of what has been accomplished on this voyage,
which was so hasty, their Highnesses can see that I will g - 13. C. He mistakenly
believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the
Indies, off the Asian coast
14. B. To discover gold and other precious metals
15. C. Led to the discovery of gold and silver by others in South America and greatly
enriched the monarchy in Spain
'The cacao tree is most esteemed in Mexico and coca is favored in Peru; both trees are
surrounded with considerable superstition. Cacao is a bean smaller and fattier than the
almond, and when roasted has not a bad flavor. It is so much esteemed by the Indians,
and even by the Spaniards, that it is the object of one of the richest and largest lines of
trade of New Spain; since it is a dry fruit, and one that keeps a long time without
spoiling, they send whole ships loaded with it from the province of Guatemala... The
chief use of this cacao is to make a drink that they call chocolate, which they greatly
cherish in that country. But those who have not formed a taste for it dislike it... The
Indies have been better repaid in the matter of plants than in any other kind of
merchandise; for those few that have been carried from the Indies into Spain do badly
there, whereas the many that have come over from Spain prosper in - 1. B. It was an
unequal one because the Americas benefited more than Europe from it
