Emphysema - Answer: Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by
destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis. Loss of elastic recoil.
Asthma - Answer: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa. Causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and variable airflow obstruction- reversible.
Episodic attacks of bronchospasm, bronchial inflammation, mucosal edema, and increased mucus
production.
COPD - Answer: Airflow limitation that is not always reversible. Usually progressive and associated with
chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Risks: Tobacco smoking, occupational dust and chemicals, indoor air pollution from biomass fuel used
for cooking and heating, outdoor air pollution, factors affecting gestational lung growth, genetic
susceptibility.
centrilobular emphysema - Answer: type of emphysema often associated with chronic bronchitis in
which respiratory bronchioles enlarge, the walls are destroyed, and the bronchioles become confluent;
characterized by enlargement of air spaces in the proximal part of the acinus, primarily at the level of
the respiratory bronchioles.
panlobular emphysema - Answer: Distention of airspaces throughout lobule. Destruction of central
respiratory bronchioles and peripheral alveolar sacs and alveoli. Involves lower lobes.
Tuberculosis - Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne/ Droplet. May remain dormant for life or
cause active disease. Latent= Asymptomatic.
chronic bronchitis - Answer: a condition in which the bronchi in the lungs are constantly swollen and
clogged with mucus. Caused by viruses
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn - Answer: Occurs in premature infants born before
surfactant production and alveolocapillary development are complete. Immature lungs.
Widespread atelectasis + hypoventilation.
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