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SBCP: Clinical biochemistry EXAM | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified $13.48   Add to cart

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SBCP: Clinical biochemistry EXAM | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified

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SBCP: Clinical biochemistry EXAM | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified

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SBCP: Clinical biochemistry EXAM | Questions and Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+
Graded | 100% Verified




Parathyroid hormone - Increases renal absorption of calcium

Increases excretion of phosphate

Increases bone resorption

increases intestinal calcium absorption

Increases Vit D synthesis



Calcium is bound to what in plasma? - Albumin



Vitamin D metabolism - skin photoconversion or reabsorbed in gut -> 1st hydroxylation in liver -> 2nd
hydroxylation in kidney's proximal tubule (alpha-1-hydroxylase)



Causes of hypercalcaemia - Hyperparathyroidism

Excess Vitamin D

Thiazide diuretics

Excess calcium intake

Malignant disease

Sarcoidosis



Clinical features of hypercalcaemia - Polydipsia, polyuria

Abdominal pain

Renal calculi

Peptic ulcer



High serum calcium and low phosphate - Excess PTH



Excess of serum calcium and phosphate - Excess Vitamin D

, Management of Hypercalcemia - Rehydration

Loop diuretic

Monitor potassium

Bisphosphonates



Hypocalcaemia: Causes - Renal failure

Hypoparathyroidism

Vitamin D deficiency

Hypomagnesaemia (PTH less effective if magnesium is low)

Bisphosphonates



Clinical features of hypocalcaemia - Tetany

+ve Chovstek's & Trousseau's sign

Prolonged QT interval



Management of severe hypocalcaemia - IV calcium gluconate



Phosphate - Mainly intracellular

Required for ATP

85% in bone



Causes of hypophosphatemia - Poor diet, malabsorption

Shift into cells (Respiratory alkalosis, Insulin etc)

Increase urine excretion (hyperparathyroidism)

Renal tubular defects



Clinical features of hypophosphataemia - Seen in refeeding syndrome

May be associated with alcoholism

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