internal validity correct answers the extent to which the program, rather than other influences, accounts for improvement
*must rule out other influences to prove internal validity
types of alternative explanations for internal validity correct answers 1. other events
2. time/natural maturatio...
HDFS 5200: Exam 2 || All Correct.
internal validity correct answers the extent to which the program, rather than other influences,
accounts for improvement
*must rule out other influences to prove internal validity
types of alternative explanations for internal validity correct answers 1. other events
2. time/natural maturation
3. repeated testing or changes in measurement
4. regression towards the mean
5. selection
6. biased attrition
other events correct answers events possibly involved in a prevention program or other positive
influences in their life
*controlled by random assignment: one group shouldn't be more likely to have more positive life
events
time/natural maturation correct answers time can cause maturation and can effects things like:
language, conversational abilities, physical growth, aggression declining
*controlled by no-treatment or waitlist: both groups are allowed the same amount of time to
mature or regress
repeated testing or changes in measurement correct answers can effect academic achievement,
cognitive functioning
*controlled by no-treatment or waitlist: both groups receive the test
regression towards the mean correct answers people are more likely to seek out help when they
are doing really poorly, but people naturally regress back to their "normal" average
functioning/performance eventually
*controlled by no treatment or waitlist
*controlled by random assignment: groups should have same number at rock bottom
selection motivation correct answers participants may improve due to their motivation
*controlled by random assignment: groups should have the same level of motivation due to
equalizing
biased attrition correct answers those not improving from an intervention may drop out so the
results will look better than they really are as the averages are higher due to these lower results
being removed
*controlled by following up with those who drop out of the intervention to retain their results
construct validity correct answers given that the intervention caused some kind of change, the
extent to which the intervention caused the change due to the specific aspects of the intervention
that were expected to cause the change (worked in the expected way)
, unintended mechanisms of change (alternate explanations of construct validity) correct answers
1. participant expectations: placebo effect, positive thinking
2. common factors: participants get treated well with warmth/acceptance
3. parts of the intervention rather than the whole
4. experimenter/reporter expectations: confirmation bias
5. cues of the experimental situation: social desirability
demonstrating construct validity correct answers 1. attention-placebo/nonspecific control group:
receive treatment that involved nonspecific factors of attention, contact, and support to control
for common factors *may not be ethical if you know the prevention would help
2. alternative/standard treatment: receive an established treatment and compare it to the one
being research to see which works better
practice: if the treatment group and skills training group have the same results? correct answers
no validity is demonstrated because the treatment group did not have better results
practice: no-treatment group had less improvement but non-specific/skills training showed same
results? correct answers only internal validity is demonstrated as the no treatment group controls
for other factors
practice: no-treatment group had less improvement than non-specific group, but non-specific had
less improvement than skills training? correct answers both internal and construct validity
demonstrated as the no-treatment controlled for being worth, showing that receiving some sort of
treatment is better than none. Non-specific showed improvement due to "common factors" but
the skills training added benefit beyond these factors
external validity correct answers the extend to which results can be generalized to people,
settings, measures, and conditions other than those in the experimental condition (aka the real
world)
unintended limited on effects (alternative explanations for external validity) correct answers 1.
special characteristics of the sample: might have cofactors to be accounted for
2. special characteristics of the program delivery: work when they're delivered by experts with
many resources but not under average, real world conditions
3. special characteristics of the measures/outcomes: scenario measuring results should be
realistic in application to the real world
efficacy correct answers refers to the beneficial effects of a program under optimal conditions of
delivery and outcome assessment
effectiveness correct answers refers to effects of a program under more real world conditions of
delivery and outcome assessment
blueprint objective correct answers identify and review studies and reports that test effects of an
intervention on positive youth development.
then summarize conclusions for those who seek to make evidence-based decisions.
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