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NURS 125 FINAL NOTES - STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2025|100% PASS
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lOMoAR cPSD| 37668344NURS 125 FINAL NOTES - STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
2025|100% PASS
Diabetes Mellitus:
• Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1: destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, autoimmune disease that requires patients to be
dependent on exogenous insulin for the rest of their lives, diagnosed at younger age, patients are
more slender, acute weight loss, chance of DKA (BG: 300-800 mg/dL), fasting hyperglycemia,
decreased insulin production, and increased glucose production
Type 2: impaired insulin secretion, the tissues of the body become less sensitive to the insulin and
become resistant, insulin is not taken up by target cells so it gets left in the body causing
hyperglycemia, dependent on non-insulin agents but can be given insulin as well, diagnosed at an
older age, most patients are obese (which may cause the tissues to become less sensitive,
therefore causing Type 2), chance of HHS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome) (BG: 600-
1200 mg/dL), diet and exercise are the first choice of treatment before starting oral glycemic
agents (endogenous source: their own insulin gets used)
• Describe etiologic factors associated with diabetes.
Type 1: slender patients, acute weight loss
Type 2: overweight, obese, low physical activity
• Relate the clinical manifestations of diabetes to the associated pathophysiologic alterations.
3 P’s: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (thirst) due to excess loss of fluid, polyphagia
(hunger) due to catabolic state induced by insulin deficiency and breakdown of fats and proteins.
Hypoglycemia: (<70mg/dL), diaphoretic (sweaty), confusion, seizures, vision changes/blurred
vision, slurred speech, agitation, irritability, anxious, tremors/ shakiness, hunger, abdominal pain,
HA, weakness, tingling/numbness in lips/tongue/cheek, nausea, sleepiness/drowsiness, decreased
coordination, palpitations
Hyperglycemia: (>100mg/dL), 3 P’s, confusion, visual changes, HA, weakness,
tingling/numbness in hands and feet (may cause unhealed wounds), fruity breath (acetone),
recurrent infections (yeast thrives in high BG), dehydration, dry skin (low fluid volume),
shortness of breath (increased RR), N/V, drowsiness
• Identify the diagnostic and clinical significance of blood glucose test results.
Symptoms of diabetes (3P’s, weight loss) plus casual plasma glucose concentration > or = than
200 mg/dL or fasting (8 hours) plasma glucose > or = 126mg/dL, two hour preload glucose > or =
200mg/dL during oral glucose tolerance test, A1C <7% (normal: <5.7%, pre: 5.7-6.4%, diabetic:
> or = 6.5%)
• Explain the dietary modifications used for management of people with diabetes.
Maintain the pleasure of eating; include personal and cultural preferences, promote exercise and
activity, eat at least three meals a day. DO NOT skip meals, The ADA recommends that for all
levels of caloric intake, 50%-60% of calories should be carbohydrates, 20-30% from fat, and the
remaining 10%-20% from protein, Avoid large meals, which often lead to high blood glucose.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 37668344
• Describe the relationships among diet, exercise, and medication (i.e., insulin or oral antidiabetic
agents) for people with diabetes.
Diet, exercise, and medications aid in achieve goals such as: BG levels in the normal range or
close, lipid and lipoprotein levels in the normal range or close, BP levels in the normal range or
close, prevention of or slow to rate of development of chronic complications, address nutritional
needs, taking into account cultural and personal preferences
• Develop an education plan for insulin self-management.
Pathophysiology, treatment modalities (diet, insulin/oral, meal planning, monitoring BG,
ketones), complications/signs and symptoms, insulin care (storage, mixing, withdrawing),
selecting/rotating sites, preparing skin, disposal
Transports and metabolizes glucose for energy
Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle as glycogen
Signals the liver to stop the release of glucose
Enhances storage of fat in adipose tissue
Accelerates transport of amino acids into cells
Inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat
Rapid Prandial (with food), onset 15 minutes, peak 1-2 hours, DOA 3-5 hours, administer
Acting within 15 minutes of mealtime, may go into hypoglycemic event if no food is in
(Insulin front of pt
Lispro,
aspart,
glulisine)
Short Prandial, onset 30-60 minutes, peak 2.5 hours, DOA 6-10 hours, only insulin
Acting through IV, given within 30-60 minutes of mealtime
(regular
insulin)
Intermediat Onset 1-2 hours, peak 4-8 hours, DOA 10-18 hours, suspension is cloudy, roll
e Acting between hands, often mixed with regular to reduce number of injections a day,
(neutral covers needs for half the day or overnight
protamine
hegedorn or
isophane)
Long acting Onset 1-2 hours, no peak, DOA 24 hours, once or twice daily, basal insulin due to
(Glargine, ability to provide prolonged consistent BG glucose level, used with rapid or short
detemir)
• Identify the role of oral antidiabetic agents in therapy for patients with diabetes.
Either they stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin or they inhibit production of glucose by liver or
increase the body tissue sensitivity to insulin. Oral antidiabetic medications are used for patients
with type 2 diabetes ONLY and may be used in addition to diet and exercise for
better glucose control, major side effect: hypoglycemia so monitor for complications
, lOMoAR cPSD| 37668344
• Describe management strategies for a person with diabetes to use during “sick days.”
Take insulin or oral antidiabetic agents as usual, test blood glucose and urine ketones every 3 to
4 hours, Report elevated glucose levels as specified or urine ketones, take supplemental doses or
regular insulin every 3 to 4 hours, if needed, if you take insulin, substitute soft foods 6 to 8 times
daily if unable to follow usual meal plan, take liquids every ½ to 1 hour to prevent dehydration
and to provide calories, if vomiting, diarrhea, or fever persists, report N/V and diarrhea to your
PCP, if you are unable to retain oral fluids, hospitalization may be needed
• Describe the major macro vascular, microvascular, and neuropathic complications of diabetes and
the self-care behaviors that are important in their prevention.
Both may occur without proper care, macrovascular is more prevalent with other adults with type
2 but can be seen with type 1, microvascular such as neuropathy is more prevalent in patients
with type 1 but can be seen with type 2
Eyes, kidneys, extremities, skin integrity, foot complications, Macrovascular:
accelerated atherosclerotic changes, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and
peripheral vascular disease, Microvascular: diabetic retinopathy, and nephropathy, neuropathic:
peripheral neuropathy, sexual dysfunction, diabetic ketoacidosis (Type
1) ; Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) (in Type 2 mostly)
• Identify the programs and community support groups available for people with diabetes
Diabetic support group (group diabetes self-management education classes), diabetic educator,
case manager, Religious support, providers, Proyecto Salud, Community clinic, Inc
HIV/HEPATITIS:
• Describe the pathophysiology, modes of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection and prevention strategies.
Pathophysiology: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from the HIV virus that
destroys CD4+ lymphocytes and impairs cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain
infections and cancers
Modes of transmission: transmitted by bodily fluids (blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretion,
amniotic fluids, breast milk), mother to child, not through casual contact
Prevention: education on how to eliminate or reduce risks associated with HIV/AIDS, education
on behavioral interventions (), get HIV testing often and make it a part of medical care, linkage to
treatment and care to allow for patients to live longer and healthier lives.
Health promotion: do not exchange sexual fluids, reduce partners to one, latex condoms or
nonlatex, do not reuse condoms, female condoms, avoid anal intercourse, avoid sharing needles,
razors, toothbrushes, sex toys, or blood contaminated articles, use PrEP
For patients who are positive: ART, inform partners, avoid unprotected, do not donate blood,
organs, or sperm
• Explain postexposure prophylaxis for health care workers.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 37668344
Antiretroviral medicines as soon as possible, within 72 hours (3 days), after possible exposure,
two to three drugs for 28 days, follow up with HIV testing at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks. And 6
months after exposure
CBC, renal and hepatic (metabolizes in liver, excreted from kidney) function tests at baseline and
2 weeks after exposure
Prevents virus from entering the cells, blocks the CD4+ receptors
• Describe the gerontologic considerations related to HIV/AIDS.
less likely to get tested, signs and symptoms may be mistaken for aging pains, may be coping
with other diseases which mask the signs of HIV/AIDS, uncomfortable conversation with
provider and older adults inhibits them from assessing risk factors, may develop other diseases
such as CVD and diabetes, HIV becomes contributing, not primary, cause of mortality
• Summarize the clinical manifestations, assessment, and treatment of patients of HIV infection and
AIDS.
Risk factors: sharing infected injection drug use equipment, having sexual relations, with infected
individuals (both male and female), infants born from infected mothers, HIV infected blood or
organs or blood products
Clinical Manifestations: asymptomatic in first stage, may exhibit fatigue or skin rash, later stages
exhibit more complications
1. Respiratory: shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, pneumocystis pneumonia,
mycobacterium avium complex, TB
2. GI: loss of appetite, N/V, oral candidiasis, diarrhea, wasting syndrome (lack of nutrition
because food is not staying in the body, loss of body muscles)
3. Oncologic: Kaposi sarcoma (brownish pick to deep purple lesions on the skin, location
and size may lead to venous stasis, lymphedema, and pain), AIDS related lymphomas (s/s
include weight loss, night sweats, fever, CBC abnormal and biopsy for diagnosis)
4. Neurologic: cognition, motor function, vision, memory, visuospatial function, peripheral
neuropathy, HIV encephalopathy ( progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral and motor
functions, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (demyelinating CNS disorder
causing confusion, blindness, weakness, complete or partial paralysis and death),
depression, apathy (loss of interest or concern)
5. Integumentary: herpes zoster (painful vesicles that disrupt skin integrity),
6. Gynecologic: genital ulcers, persistent vaginal candidiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease,
menstrual abnormalities
Assessment:
1. nutritional status (intake, N/V, oral pain, ability to purchase food, weight, labs such as
albumin for protein, BUN)
2. skin integrity (look for breakdown, ulcerations, infections, perineal area for infections,
wound cultures)
3. respiratory status (cough, sputum, SOB, orthopnea, tachypnea, chest pain, breaths
sounds, arterial blood gas, pulse oximetry, pulmonary function)
4. neurological status (LOC, Ax O, provide baseline, visual changes, HA, numbness and
tingling, motor involvement
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