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ALU 201 Chapter 2 Review questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201 Chapter 2 Review questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201 Chapter 2 Reviewbiliary sytem - ANSA series of channels and ducts that transport bile from the liver into the
small intestine
hepatocytes - ANSliver cells; produce and secrete bile. which flows into bile ducts
jaundice - ANSyellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of
bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood
cholestasis - ANSstoppage of bile flow in the extrahepatic bile ducts; Asst with elevated
bilirubin, GGT, and Alk Phos.
hepatitis - ANSinflammation of the liver, Considered chronic if lasts for more than 6 months.
Fibrosis - ANSincreases collagen deposition due to injury. A precursor to cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis - ANSTransformation of normal liver cells into non-functional scared nodules. The
more cirrhosis and the fewer normal cells exist, the more pressure builds up in the portal
vein. Irreversible!
ascitis - ANSaccumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Steatosis - ANSabnormal condition of fat (increased fat at the cellular level often affecting
the liver) Fatty Liver
hepatomegaly - ANSenlargement of the liver
splenomegaly - ANSenlargement of the spleen
Liver (basics) - ANSLargest gland and second largest organ (next to bone marrow); Left and
right lobes subdivided into lobules (the functional unit); lobules contain hepatocytes that
dump their products into the bile ducts and hepatic veins.
Liver structure - ANSHepatic Vascular Structure
Biliary system
Hepatic lobules
Functions of the liver - ANS1. Regulates blood sugar levels
2. Oversees lipid metabolism
3. Manufactures a wide range of serum proteins (like albumin), and various clotting proteins.
4. Stores iron, and vitamins A, D, K and B-12.
5. Destroys and recycles old and damaged RBC's
6. Detoxifies many many metabolic by-products and most drugs.
, 7. Secretes bile for fat breakdown and digestion.
Liver blood testing - ANS1. Detect injury to hepatocytes
2. Determine protein synthesis
3. Measure excretory function.
4. Detect chronic inflammation in the liver, altered immune regulation, viral hepatitis.
5. Tumor Marker
Liver imaging Studies - ANSX rays, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, Transient Elastrography
(Fibro scan), Liver biopsy: Definitive test to detect liver disease.
Fatty Liver - ANSa condition in which fats build up in the liver and cannot be broken down.
>5% of liver made up of fat/triglycerides, Can be either alcoholic or non- alcoholic with
ranges from mild steatosis to cirrhosis.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - ANS1. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
associated with progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis & liver failure.
2. Usually associated with obesity, DM, hyperlipidemia
3. Biopsy to diagnose extent of disease.
4. Treatment weight loss, control of lipids and diabetes if present
Alcoholic liver dz - ANS1. Chronic inflammation
2. Fatty liver
3. Cirrhosis and liver failure in a small percentage (take 20+ years)
4. Hep C + alcohol is bad combination.
5. Look MCV (red cell size), CDT and HAA
6. Risk factors: Women, Amount of Alcohol, Hep C present, Genetic variable, malnutrition,
drugs/toxins, immunological dysfxn
Cirrhosis Facts - ANSirreversible chronic injury to liver architecture with extensive fibrosis
1. Necroses of parenchyma
2. Diffuse connective tissue proliferation
3. Different degree of nodular parenchymal regeneration
4. Loss/transformed lobular structure.
5. Impaired vascular supply
3 classes of causes for jaundice - ANS1. Pre-hepatic/hemolytic
2. Hepatic
3. Extrahepatic
portal hypertension - ANSthe elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) - ANSrenal failure in clients with advanced chronic liver
disease, portal hypertension and ascites
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) - ANS•liver problem, like cirrhosis, can cause hepatic
encephalopathy, which is the occurrence of confusion, altered LOC, and coma as a result of
liver failure.
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