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ALU 201 - Ch 7: The Respiratory System questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201 - Ch 7: The Respiratory System questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201 - Ch 7: The RespiratorySystem
Anatomy
The ____________ pleura lines the chest wall and the ____________ pleura lines the lungs.
In disease states, abnormal collections of fluid occurs between these 2 layers and is called a
_________ - ANS1) parietal
2) visceral
pleural effusion
Anatomy cont
Anatomically, the lungs are divided into lobes, the right lung having _________ and the left
lung having _________. - ANSright lung - 3
left lung - 2
Anatomy cont
The ____________ are tiny air sacs surrounded by one-cell capillaries where the blood
exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. - ANSalveoli
Anatomy cont
________________ is the gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli by which oxygen is
taken up by the capillary RBCs and carbon dioxide is exchanged into the alveolus and
removed by exhalation - ANSRespiration
Anatomy cont
The _______________ circulation is a branching system in which the arteries taking blood to
the lungs finally end in tiny capillaries, which merge to form the veins that return blood to the
heart - ANSpulmonary
Anatomy cont
The right ventricle receives _______________ blood.
This blood travels through the ___________ arteries to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood is returned by the _______ veins to the left atrium. - ANSdeoxygenated
pulmonary arteries
,pulmonary veins
Anatomy cont
1) The pressure in the pulmonary arterial system is much ___________ than that in the
circulation to the rest of the body.
2) In pulmonary arteries the average pressure is in the range of _____ to _____ mmHg. -
ANS1) lower
2) 10-20
Physiology
With _______________, chest muscles move the ribs up and out and the diaphragm moves
downward. These actions cause a negative airway pressure that draws air in through the
nose and mouth, inflating the lungs - ANSinspiration (inhalation)
Physiology cont
With _________________, the chest wall muscles relax and the diaphragm passively moves
upward and air is released from the lungs - ANSexpiration (exhalation)
Physiology cont
Oxygen is required by all cells for metabolism and healthy function of all body tissues
- by-product of metabolism is ________
- carbon dioxide combines w/ water in the tissues to form a weak acid, _______
- a measure of this level of alkalinity or acidity is known as _____ - ANScarbon monoxide
carbonic acid
pH
Physiology cont
The body _____ must remain within a very small range to maintain life.
Example:
In hyperventilation syndrome, rapid breathing causes excess _____________, to be lost,
and body fluids become less ____________. - ANSpH
1) carbon dioxide (and consequently carbonic acid)
2) acidic (i.e. respiratory alkalosis)
Physiology cont
,In the reverse situation w/ respiratory failure due to severe lung disease, there is decreased
air exchange resulting in low ________ and high _________, resulting in body fluids that are
too __________.
- over long periods of time, the kidneys can partially compensate for this acid load by
creating sodium bicarbonate, a weak alkali - ANS1) oxygen
2) carbon dioxide
3) acidic (i.e. respiratory acidosis)
Physiology cont
Oxygen _____________ (i.e. too much oxygen) can occur while breathing high
concentrations of oxygen during artificial ventilation, which can cause damage to the eyes,
CNS, and lungs. - ANStoxicity
Physiology cont
Premature infants requiring very high oxygen levels and individuals w/ severe lung disease
requiring oxygen concentrations well above _____% are examples of eye (in the case of the
infant) and lung (in the case of the adult) damage resulting from excessive levels of inhaled
oxygen dissolved in blood - ANS60%
Pulmonary Function Testing
The fundamental and most frequently performed of the lung function test is
_________________, in which an individual takes as deep a breath as possible and then
exhales as forcefully as possible for (ideally) a minimum of 6 seconds. - ANSbasic
spirometry
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
Spirometry gives measurements for FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio
List the acronyms and what they mean:
1) FVC
2) FEV1 - ANS1) Forced vital capacity
- the maximum volume of air exhaled
2) forced expiratory volume in one second
- the amount of air exhaled in the first second
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
Any FEV1/FVC ratio that is > 80% can be considered normal
, If the spirometry is done w/ bronchodilators and the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC is <70%,
this individual meets global obstructive lung disease (GOLD) criteria for having ________ -
ANSCOPD
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
Spirometry can reveal any of the following (list 3): - ANS1) airway obstruction
- in which the reduction in FEV1 is larger than the reduction in FVC resulting in an
FEV1/FVC < 80%
2) chest wall or lung restriction
- in which the FVC and FEV1 are both proportionally reduced with the FEV1/FVC is over
80%
3) normal lung function
- with all results being over 89% of predicted
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
True or False:
Since "suboptimal or poor effort" on spirometry reads as restriction and disease, further
testing is needed. - ANSTrue
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
__________ is a volume measurement and can be decreased with severe airway
obstruction in diseases such as lung fibrosis and bronchiectasis, in which lung tissue is
scarred, or in conditions of the chest wall that interfere with breathing. - ANSFVC
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
2 examples of chest wall problems are:
These conditions cause spirometry to show reduced FVC but normal FEV1/FVC ratio,
indicating restriction - ANS1) paralysis of the chest muscles in traumatic quadriplegia
2) chest deformities (i.e. kyphoscoliosis, which restricts chest wall motion)
Pulmonary Function Testing cont
List the acronyms and what they mean:
1) MVV
2) FRC
3) IC
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