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NURA 221 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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NURA 221 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS...

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  • August 23, 2024
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  • NURA 221
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NURA 221 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

6 characteristics of viruses

•Nonliving agents that infect bacteria, plants, animals

•Do not contain cellular organelles

•Have EITHER DNA or RNA (not both)

•Can be classified as intracellular parasites

•Must be in the host cell to replicate and cause infection (Many viruses infect
specific host cells)

•They do have their own enzymes which can be targeted with medications

What is the best "treatment" for viruses?

prevention

Describe self-limiting viruses

they require no treatment to be cured

i.e. rhinovirus, COVID

4 challenges of antiviral therapy

•Viruses mutate rapidly, and drug becomes ineffective

•Difficult for drug to find virus without injuring normal cells

•Each antiviral drug specific to one single virus (narrow spectrum)

•Antiviral drugs are clinically difficult to make and are very expensive

Herpes Virus

family of DNA viruses

,herpes simplex, varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles) are the most common

cause repeated blister-like lesions on the skin, genitals, and other mucosal surfaces

How do antiviral drugs work on herpes?

•Antiviral drugs can lower the frequency of acute herpes episodes, diminish the
intensity of the acute disease

•Relieve acute symptoms, prevent recurrences

•Do not cure patients

Herpes medications

available as IV, PO, topical

prototype drug: acyclovir (Zovirax)

prevent viral DNA synthesis, work inside virus cell, slow and minimal absorption

decrease the duration/severity of herpes episodes

NOT a cure

Other herpes medications

•docosanol (Abreva)

•famciclovir (Famvir)

•valacyclovir (Valtrex)

•penciclovir (Denavir)

drug interactions to know for herpes treatment

a common one is with probenecid (Probalan), which treats gout

administration of herpes meds

administer around the clock, even if sleep is interrupted

side effects of herpes meds

•N/V/D, rash, dizziness, headache, fatigue, anaemia, elevated liver enzymes,

,dyscrasias

Dyscrasias

decrease in RBC, WBC and/or platelets

adverse effects of herpes meds

•few with topical & oral administration

•IV administration: nephrotoxicity & neurotoxicity

HIV

•HIV seeks T-cells, particularly CD4 cells

CD4 cells

needed for immune system function

a healthy individual has 800-1200 CD4/T-cells per cubic millimetre (mm3) of
blood

What do you want your CD4 count to be?

over 200

HIV viral load

undetected (<20) is goal.

The higher the number, the more virus present in the blood.

HIV medications

-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

-Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

When to use HAART/ART

•Typically, only for HIV infection; some benefit with Hep B

•Prophylactic healthcare workers: injury (needle stick), CDC 0.3%

contraindications for ART

, •Severe allergy or intolerable toxicity

•CAUTIONS: Statin Drugs, Arrhythmia Drugs, Hepatitis C Drugs, Anti-Epilepsy
Drugs, TB Drugs

SE/AR of ART

•Short-term side effects/new meds: Headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance,
diarrhoea

• Long-term management: Renal function, cholesterol panel

Pregnancy and HIV

•Essential that pregnant individuals begin ART or maintain it during the entire
pregnancy

•Compliance essential

•Frequent monitoring of HIV and VL levels

chance of an HIV+ mother passing HIV to her unborn child if she takes ART?

<2%

explain the relationship between vaccination, antivirals and the flu

•Vaccination = prevention

•Antivirals to prevent, and decrease the severity of acute symptoms

flu medicines

•oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)

•zanamivir (Relenza)

•peramivir (Rapivab)

•baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza)

When do you need to start antivirals for the flu?

within 48-72 hours

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