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NUR 302 Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answer
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Elscores: Tuesday, 20 August 2024NUR 302 Exam 1
Questions and Correct
Answer
Properties of an ideal drug
✓ :-- -effectiveness is the most important virtue to have. if it is not effective, then
what is the purpose of giving in.
✓ safety
✓ -selectiveness: only does what it is supposed to do.
✓ -Other important factors are: reversible action, ease of administration, low cost,
chemical stability, freedom from drug interactions, simple generic name.
What barriers must a molecule pass through to undergo pharmacokinetic processes?
✓ :-- -three ways to cross a membrane: channel of pores, transport systems, P-
glycoprotein, direct penetration of the membrane
✓ -barriers: lining of the intestines, small intestines absorb it, capillaries, cell wall
✓ -"likes dissolve likes" -> oil and water repel each other
Pharmacokinetic process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
✓ :-- -absorption: movement of drug from its site of administration to the blood
✓ -factors that affect absorption
✓ rate of dissolution
✓ surface area
✓ blood flow
✓ lipid solubility
✓ pH partitioning
✓ -distribution: from blood stream to getting to the site of action
✓ metabolism: transforms the chemical of the drug in the body (enzymatic alteration).
Happens in the intestines
✓ excretion: removal of drugs from the body
PO vs. IV medications
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✓ :-- -PO doesn't work as fast as IV
✓ -Absorption of IV: absorbs all of the drug (4 mL = 4 mL straight to bloodstream)
✓ -IV dosages are a lot lower than PO dosages
✓ -Absorption of PO: doesn't absorb as much of the drug as if it was done thru IV
What are oral tablets?
✓ :-- -ingredients in oral medications do not reach the blood stream until they reach
the stomach or bowel
-chewable or swallowable tablets
Enteric-coated preparations
✓ :-- -Enteric-coated: covered with material that dissolves in intestines, not stomach.
Needs to be acid resistant
-advantage: fast-acting
-disadvantage: absorption can be more variable
sustained-release preparations
✓ :-- -Sustained-release: dissolves such that drug is released steadily over the day
-advantage: only has to be given once a day vs 3x a day
-disadvantage: slow-acting
First pass effect
✓ :-- -phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug,
specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the
systemic circulation.
-liver sees all oral drugs first and then can alter them or eliminate them
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, Elscores: Tuesday, 20 August 2024
Which drugs can readily pass through the cell membrane vs. which drugs have trouble
passing through?
✓ :-- -lipid soluble have an easier time getting thru
-fat soluble have a harder time passing thru
Blood brain barrier: Are all drugs able to cross it?
✓ :-- -tight junctions between the cells that compose the capillaries in the CNS.
Prevents the drugs from passing between cells to exit the vascular system
-only drugs that are lipid soluble or have a transport system can cross the BBB
What is "protein-binding?" What happens to free drug levels when another highly-protein
bound drug is introduced?
✓ :-- -drugs form reversible bonds with various proteins usually albumin
-only free drugs are able to exit the vascular system
-free drug levels increase when another bound drug is introduced because they are competing
for the same sites. (more intense effect; toxicity)
Can albumin pass through the glomerular capillaries? What does this mean for drugs that are
highly albumin-bound?
✓ :-- -Yes it can pass through the glomerular capillaries. Drugs that are highly
albumin-bound will become less effective when they bind to albumin (free drug
levels)
Half-life
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✓ :-- -the time it takes for the drug in the body to decrease by 50%
-determines the dosing interval because if a drug stays in the body for longer then there will
be less doses in a day.
-Drugs with a shorter half-life are dosed more frequently
-Shorter half-life = more doses
What is the "therapeutic range?" What is the definition of "toxicity?" Is toxicity more likely
to result from administration of a drug with a "small" or "large" therapeutic window? What
type of monitoring is often done for drug with a small therapeutic window?
✓ :-- -therapeutic range is the range between the minimum effective concentration
and toxic concentration
-definition of toxicity: levels of the plasma drug level climb too high and toxic effects begin.
-small therapeutic window drugs is more likely to result in toxicity
-monitoring is done by frequent blood checks
Review the concepts of "loading dose" and "maintenance dose." Why would one give a larger
amount of drug with the first dose?
✓ :-- -loading dose: large initial dose to reach therapeutic quickly
-maintenance dose: decline from the plateau, all drug gone in about 4 half-lives
-larger amount of drug with the first dose because of a longer half-life?
Can pH affect absorption and excretion?
✓ :-- -pH-dependent ionization
acid is a proton donor - ionizes basic media
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