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SCN1111 - 8, The Skeletal system Exam Study Guide
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SCN1111 - 8, The Skeletal systemExam Study Guide
What are the functions of bone? - Answer support - supports and cradles soft organs
protection - protective casing for soft organs against external forces
movement - anchor for muscles and levers
mineral storage - stores for deposit and withdrawal
blood cell formation - occurring in bone marrow cavities
How is the skeleton classified? - Answer axial and appendicular
Describe the axial skeleton - Answer forms the trunk (long axis) of the body
protects and supports and carries body parts
80 bones, including skull, vertebral column and ribcage
Describe the appendicular skeleton - Answer forms the appendages of the body
is involved in locomotion and environmental manipulation
126 bones, including upper and lower limbs, shoulders and hips
How are bones classified in shape? - Answer long bones, short bones, flat bones,
irregular bones
Describe long bones - Answer elongated shaft with 2 ends (fingers, femur)
mostly compact bone
Describe short bones - Answer generally cubed shaped and stubby (wrist, ankles)
mostly spongy bone
What is a type of short bone? - Answer sesamoid bone
Describe flat bones - Answer Thin, flat and usually curved, two thin layers of compact
bones surrounds a layer of spongy bones (most bones of the skull, ribs and sternum)
Describe irregular bones - Answer Bones that don't fit into other categories (hip and
vertebra)
What is cartilage and what are the 3 types? - Answer all bones start as cartilage
, has lots of water allowing resilience and flexibility
resists outward expansion due to proteins
hyaline = collagen, support, flexibility, resilience (ribs and joint surfaces)
elastic = elastin (external ear, epiglottis, nose)
fibrocartilage = thick collagen, tensile strength (menisci of knee, vertebral discs)
What are the 3 terms for the macrostructure of bones? - Answer diaphysis, epiphyses,
periosteum
Describe diaphysis - Answer shaft of a long bone
thick external collar of compact bone to withstand lots of tension
central medullary cavity of bone marrow
Describe epiphyses - Answer proximal and distal ends of the bone
consists of mainly spongy bone which is good at joints
Describe periosteum - Answer tough membrane covering the bone; has two layers
provides a surface for blood vessels and muscles to attach to
What is the microstructure of compact bone? - Answer osteon - mineralised structural
unit
Haversian canal - contains capillary and nerve supply
Volkmann's canal - link blood and nerves to periosteum
(Haversian and Volkmann's at 90 degrees to each other)
lamellae - deposited osteocytes in rings; evenly distributes minerals
canalculi - canals joining lamellae and osteocytes
endosteum - surrounds trabeculae providing nutrition
What is the microstructure of spongy bone (cancellous)? - Answer They have the same
structures present as compact bone, including osteons, but they are not clumped
together; they are all elongated
trabeculae - align along stress lines; elongated osteons
What is the matrix of bone composed of? - Answer osteoid (organic, collagen, flexibility)
mineral salts (calcium, inorganic, durability)
What cells maintain the matrix? - Answer osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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