vander-s human physiology exam with complete solutions
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Course
Human physiology
Institution
Human Physiology
The conducting zone of the airways consists of
the trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.
The respiratory zone of the airways consists of`
the alveoli, which are the sites of gas exchange, and those airways to which alveoli are attached.
The alveoli are lined by
type I cells a...
vander's human physiology exam with
complete solutions
The conducting zone of the airways consists of - ANSWER-the trachea, bronchi, and
terminal bronchioles.
The respiratory zone of the airways consists of` - ANSWER-the alveoli, which are the
sites of gas exchange, and those airways to which alveoli are attached.
The alveoli are lined by - ANSWER-type I cells and some type II cells, which produce
surfactant.
The lungs and interior of the thorax - ANSWER-are covered by pleura;
between the two pleural layers is an extremely thin layer of intrapleural fluid.
The lungs are elastic structures whose volume depends upon - ANSWER-the pressure
difference across the lungs—the transpulmonary
pressure—and how stretchable the lungs are.
In the steady state, the net volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the
lungs per unit time - ANSWER-are equal to the net volumes exchanged in the tissues.
Airway resistance determines - ANSWER-how much air flows into the
lungs at any given pressure difference between atmosphere and alveoli.
The major determinants of airway resistance - ANSWER-the radii of the airways.
The vital capacity - ANSWER-the sum of resting tidal volume, inspiratory reserve
volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
The volume expired during the first second of a forced vital capacity measurement -
ANSWER-the FEV1 and normally averages 80% of forced vital capacity.
, Minute ventilation - ANSWER-the product of tidal volume
and respiratory rate
Bulk flow of air between the atmosphere and alveoli - ANSWER-proportional to the
difference between the alveolar and
atmospheric pressures and inversely proportional to the airway resistance:F 5 (Palv 2
Patm)/R
Between breaths at the end of an unforced expiration - ANSWER-Patm 5 Palv, no air is
flowing, and the dimensions of the lungs and thoracic cage are stable as the result of
opposing elastic forces
The lungs are stretched and are attempting to recoil,
whereas the chest wall is - ANSWER-compressed and attempting to move outward.
This creates a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure
and hence a transpulmonary pressure that opposes the forces of elastic recoil.
During inspiration, the contractions of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles
increase the volume of the thoracic cage - ANSWER-This makes intrapleural pressure
more subatmospheric,
increases transpulmonary pressure, and causes the lungs to expand to a greater
degree than they do between
breaths.
This expansion initially makes alveolar pressure
subatmospheric, which creates the pressure difference between the atmosphere and
alveoli to drive airflow into the lungs.
During expiration, the inspiratory muscles cease contracting, allowing the elastic recoil
of the lungs to return them to their original between-breaths size - ANSWER-a. This
initially compresses the alveolar air, raising alveolar
pressure above atmospheric pressure and driving air out of
the lungs.
b. In forced expirations, the contraction of expiratory
intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles actively
decreases chest dimensions.
Lung compliance is determined by - ANSWER-the elastic connective
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