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Path 370 Week 1 Lecture Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on week 1 for Path 370. *Essential!! *For you!!

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  • August 22, 2024
  • 23
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Prof. song
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anyiamgeorge19
Chapter 1
❖ Intro to Patho
➢ Framework for patho
■ Etiology and risk factor
■ Pathogenesis
● Clinical manifestations
● Clinical stages and clinical course
■ Clinical Management
➢ Etiology
■ Study of causes or response for phenomenon
■ Classifications**
Idiopathic Cause unknown

Iatrogenic Causes results from unintended or
unwanted medical treatment

I.e. chronic kidney disease then
goes to dialysis then pt lose
potassium to hypocalcemia = side
effect of treatment

I.e pt has autoimmune dis. Then pt
gets steroids then side effect
cushings syndrome bc change
metabolism


● Risk factors
◆ A factor when present increases the chance of disease
➢ Pt smoking will be more likely to get cancer
◆ Modifiable and nonmodifiable
➢ Nonmod = factor cannot change
■ Genetics, age, gender
➢ Mod = clinical key for nurses
■ Prevention and management
■ I.e diet, exercise, lifestyle, where live,
➢ Clinical Manifestations


Signs (anyone else but pt) *objective or observed*
manifestation of disease

Symptoms (pt complain) *subjunctive* feeling of
abnormality in the body

Syndrome Similar to S/S but etiology of signs
and symptoms has not yet been
determined

,➢ Stages and clinical Course
■ Periods


Latent Period**(incubation Time between exposure of tissues
period) to injouras agent & first
appearance of S/S
-also a period during
illness when S/S first
apperar
-S/S become mild, silent or
disappear
-known in textbook as
remission

Prodormal Period **time during which first S/S
appear indicating onset of disease

Subclinical Stage** Pt functions normally, disease
prossess are well established
-has hypertension but living best
life, pt not aware of health


■ Courses


Acute Clinical Course Short lived; S/S go very severe
very fast, like allergic reaction

Chronic Clinical Course May last more then 3 months to
years, sometimes following an
acute course


These two are normally used for chronic diseases
Exacterbation** A sudden increase in severity of
disease or S/S
-pt has ebola, fever goes
from 100 to 104 fast

Remission** Decrease in severity or S/S
■ Stages of recovery


Convalescent** Stage of recovery After a
disease, injury or surgical
procedure

Sequela Subsequent pathological condition

, resulting from an illness
-ebola then vomiting
becomes 7 times a day so
consequence pt gets
hypovolmic condition could
lead to shock, kidney
failure, or heart failure


➢ Concepts of Normality in Health and Disease


Sensitivity** Probility that a test will be (+)
when applied to a person with a
Pt has 85% sensitivity = particular condition **true (+)
probability the pt with disease will -pt has diabetes and test urine for
test positive diabetes is positive

Specificity** Probaility that a test will be
negative when applied to a person
Pt has 50% specificity = w/o particular condition **true (-)
probability the pt without disease -pt w/no diabetes then urine will
will test negative not likley have high levels



Test Results (+) Test Results (-)

Patient w/disease True positive False negative
Condeq= undertreatment

Patient w/o disease False positive True negative
Condeq= over treatment


❖ Patterns of disease distribution
➢ Types**


Endemic Native to a local region

Epidemic Spread to many people at the same
time (large scale)

Pandemic Spread to large geographic areas


➢ Aggregate factors of ecological variables
■ Age
■ Ethnic group
■ Gender

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