BBH 101 Exam 2 Study Guide with Questions and 100% Correct Answers
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Course
BBH 101
Institution
BBH 101
Types of Risk Factors modifiable (controllable) non-modifiable (incontrllable)
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for disease? a. Jim has a family history of lung cancer b. Jim is a smoker himself c. Jim has a genetic predisposition toward addictive behavior
B. The only thing that...
BBH 101 Exam 2 Study Guide with
Questions and 100% Correct Answers
Types of Risk Factors ✅modifiable (controllable)
non-modifiable (incontrllable)
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for disease? ✅a. Jim has a family
history of lung cancer
b. Jim is a smoker himself
c. Jim has a genetic predisposition toward addictive behavior
B. The only thing that Jim can change is his own smoking status. The other risk factors
are all non-modifiable.
Identify non-modifiable risk factors ✅age
sex
race
family history
Risk factors that are not the focus of a study must be... ✅controlled for
Researchers in an experiment that explores the relationship between smoking and lung
cancer statistically control for age. What does it mean that they control for age?
✅Controlling for a variable means you are statistically reducing or removing the
influence of the variable on a relationship between the main independent and
dependent variable. If these researchers want to investigate whether or not smoking
increases rates of lung cancer, they may want to control for age because age would act
as a confounding variable. Age itself increases the risk of developing lung cancer, so
the influence of age would inflate the risk of lung cancer among older individuals.
Controlling for age allows one to examine whether smoking increases the risk of lung
cancer independently of age.
What is the main risk factor for major diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer,
diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease? ✅age
What two factors are associated with family history? ✅lifestyle and environment
Give an example of programmed aging ✅telomeres getting longer overtime
Give examples of accumulative aging ✅DNA damage, build-up of waste productions,
and damage due to free radicals
, Why are there disparities between men and women? ✅reasons for disparities are
often unclear and vary depending on condition but a speculated reason is that women
go to the doctor more
Why are there disparities among races? ✅Reasons are neither clear nor consistent but
may involve genetic factors, cultural differences, differences in socioeconomic status,
etc.
What is the goal of prevention? ✅to extend life span and compress morbidity
What are the three types of prevention? ✅primary
secondary
tertiary
Describe primary prevention. ✅a person is healthy but may be at risk for a disease and
is taking steps to avoid developing the disease
ex. exercising
Describe secondary prevention. ✅a person is sick (has a disease) and may be
unaware and the goal is to detect the disease in its early stage
ex. screenings
Describe tertiary prevention. ✅a person is known to have a disease and tries to
manage the disease in an effort to reduce the impact of the disease
ex. monitoring blood sugar for diabetics
Julia just turned 50 years old, so her doctor recommended she begin getting screened
for colon cancer every year. Colon cancer screening involves attempting to identify
cancer in a patient who is unaware they have it. Colon cancer screening is what type of
prevention? ✅Screening involves attempting to identify a disease in an individual who
is not overtly sick (and who is not aware they are sick). This is a type of secondary
prevention, as secondary prevention involves either identifying disease in someone who
does not yet have any symptoms or is in the very early stages of the disease (and
usually unaware they have a disease). The benefit of identifying disease this early is
that the patient can begin treatment earlier and potentially stop the disease from having
a large impact.
Tom was diagnosed with diabetes several years ago. His symptoms have begun to
worsen and his doctor recommends he begin taking metformin, a medication that lowers
his blood glucose levels, to reduce the risk of serious complications occurring. This is
what type of prevention? ✅Tom knows he has diabetes and has for several years. This
type of prevention involves trying to prevent serious complications of the disease, thus it
would fall under the category of tertiary prevention.
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