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Patho NSG 533 Exam 3 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Patho NSG 533 Exam 3 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Patho NSG 533Exam 3 Questions
and Complete
Solutions Graded
A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,(5) Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: (1) Age
(2) Gender
(3) Ethnicity
(4) Family history
(5) Genetic predisposition
(6) Traditional modifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: (1) Dyslipidemia (abnormal serum lipoproteins)
(2) HTN (endothelial injury and myocardial hypertrophy)
(3) Cigarette Smoking (endothelial injury and oxygen radicals)
(4) Diabetes (endothelial injury and vessel wall damage)
(5) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle (strongest link to CAD)
(6) Atherogenic Diet (high in salt, fat, trans fat, carbs)
(10) Novel risk factors for CAD - Answer: (1) Markers of Inflammation, ischemia and thrombosis (c-
reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen)
(2) Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin)
(3) CKD (as GFR declines, risk for CAD increases)
(4) Air Pollution and Ionizing Radiation
(5) Medications (NSAIDS increase risk for CAD)
(6) Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness
(7) Microbiome (diet/lifestyle)
(8) Elevated Fibrinogen (inflammatory marker)
(9) Elevated LDL particle number (cholesterol concentration within particles)
(10) Small, dense LDLs (vs. large fluffy lipoprotein)
Lipids - Answer: Refers to cholesterol in particular. Required by most cells for manufacture/repair of
plasma membranes.
High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the bloodstream, which can
lead to Atherosclerosis and contribute to CAD
, Lipoproteins - Answer: Refers to lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides bound to carrier
proteins.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein): contain mostly cholesterol and protein.
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein): mainly phospholipids and protein
- VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein): mainly triglyceride and protein
Atherosclerosis - Answer: - Progressive, multifactorial disease process that generally begins in
childhood; clinical manifestations occur in middle to late adulthood, that results in the variable
composition of lesions
- High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the bloodstream. LDL
oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages result in fatty deposits called
plaques to form on the inner walls of the arteries
Describe the relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL
(very-low-density lipoprotein), and CAD - Answer: Low levels of HDL pose risk for CAD. HDL is
responsible for returning excessive cholesterol to the liver for elimination or conversion to cholesterol-
containing steroids. HDL can also remove excessive cholesterol through the arterial wall. It can protect
LDL from oxidation, preserve endothelial function, and promote anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic
effects. VLDL pose risk for CAD, especially in combination with other risk factors such as diabetes
Total Cholesterol risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - Answer: <200 = desirable
200-239 = borderline
≥240 = high
LDL risk levels for CAD (dyslipidemia criteria) - Answer: <100 = optimal
100-129 = near optimal
130-159 = borderline
160-189 = high
≥190 = very high
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