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USABO-Review Exam Questions and Answers
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USABO-Review Exam Questions and Answers
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USABO-Review Exam Questions andAnswers
insterstitial fluid - Answer -fluid located between cells and among tissues
cuboidal epithelium - Answer -cube shaped epithelial cells that function in secretion, and
are located in various endocrine glands
simple columnar epithelium - Answer -lines intestines, secretes digestive juices and
absorbs nutrients, one cell thick
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Answer -forms a mucous membrane in
portions of the respiratory tract; contains cilia that move the film of mucous
stratified squamous epithelium - Answer -regenerates cells rapidly at the basal lamina,
located in areas of abrasion (anus, vagina, skin, linings of esophagus)
simple squamous epithelium - Answer -thin and leaky, located at sites of diffusion
(alveoli and blood vessels)
basal lamina - Answer -a mat of extracellular matrix that separates an organ from
epithelial tissue
lumen - Answer -cavity, external area around organ
loose connective tissue - Answer -connects organs/tissues to epithelium
cartilage - Answer -connective tissue that is sturdy, but softer and more flexible than
bone
chondroitin sulfate - Answer -a rubbery matrix made of a protein-carbohydrate complex
located in cartilage
chondrocytes - Answer -cells in cartilage that secrete collagen chondroitin sulfate
fibrous connective tissue - Answer -includes tendons and ligaments, made of fibers in
parallel bundles, which maximize non-elastic strength
,adipose tissue - Answer -tissue that protects, insulates, and cushions the body, holds
fat in adipose cells which contain fat droplets that can grow and shrink
bone - Answer -mineralized connective tissue; contain a matrix of bone with which
calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine to form a mineral
osteoblasts - Answer -secretes matrix of collagen in bone
osteons - Answer -repeating units inside bone, contain concentric layers of mineralized
collagen wrapped around blood vessels and nerves
fibroblasts - Answer -cells of connective tissue that secrete the protein ingredients
macrophages - Answer -engulf foreign particles and debris through phagocytosis
collagenous fibers - Answer -made of collagen, nonelastic and do not tear easily
reticular fibers - Answer -made of collagen, joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues,
continuous with collagenous fibers
elastic fibers - Answer -made of elastin, easily stretched but bounce back to original
shape
sarcomeres - Answer -repeating units in muscles
glial cells or glia - Answer -located in nervous tissue; nourish, insulate, and replenish
neurons
regulator - Answer -manages internal conditions to combat changes caused by external
conditions
conformer - Answer -allows internal conditions to conform to external conditions
normal range (of a variable - homeostasis) - Answer -range for which action is taken to
maintain homeostasis
acclimatization - Answer -when an animal changes certain aspects of its metabolism,
behavior, etc. to temporarily conform to changing external conditions
endothermic (animal) - Answer -maintain the temperature inside the body through their
internal metabolism
ectothermic (animal) - Answer -gain their heat from external sources, do not perform
internal mechanisms to maintain temperature
,poikilotherm - Answer -animal whose body temperature varies with its environment
homeotherm - Answer -animal whose body temperature does not vary with its
environment
radiation - Answer -emission of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves
evaporation - Answer -removal of heat along with liquid being turned into gas
convection - Answer -transfer of hear by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
conduction - Answer -the direct transfer of heat between objects in direct contact
vasodilation - Answer -increasing the diameter of blood vessels as to bring it closer to
the surface of the body and warm it
vasoconstriction - Answer -decreasing the diameter of blood vessels as to take it farther
away from the surface of the body and cool it
countercurrent exchange - Answer -the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions
that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes
thermogenesis - Answer -heat production
non-shivering thermogenesis - Answer -heat production without moving
brown fat - Answer -tissue specialized for heat production
hypothalamus - Answer -part of the brain that acts like a thermostat for the body,
controlling the internal mechanisms that control internal temperature
bio-energetics - Answer -the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
metabolic rate - Answer -the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions over
a given time interval
basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Answer -in an endotherm, the minimum metabolic rate at
rest with an empty stomach without any stress
standard metabolic rate (SMR) - Answer -in an ectotherm, the minimum metabolic rate
when resting, nonstressed, and fasting
torpor - Answer -a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
hibernation - Answer -long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food
scarcity
, essential nutrients - Answer -nutrients that are essential for an organism to ingest
because they cannot produce it themselves
vitamins - Answer -essential nutrients that are organic molecules and perform various
functions
minerals - Answer -essential nutrients that are inorganic and perform various functions
undernourishment - Answer -not receiving enough food to have sufficient energy
malnourishment - Answer -not receiving enough of a certain essential nutrient
epidemiology - Answer -the study of human health and disease at the population level
ingestion - Answer -consuming food
digestion - Answer -breaking down food
suspension feeders - Answer -filter and eat food suspended in water
substrate feeders - Answer -live on or in their food source
fluid feeders - Answer -drink fluid from other organisms (nectar, blood)
bulk feeders - Answer -eat lots of food in bulk
absorption - Answer -absorbing nutrients from food
elimination - Answer -removing waste from food from the body
enzymatic hydrolysis - Answer -hydrolysis caused by enzymes
intracellular digestion - Answer -digestion that occurs inside a cell by lysosomes
extracellular digestion - Answer -digestion that occurs outside of a cell through various
complex processes
gastrovascular cavity - Answer -a cavity in many organisms that has one opening and
allows food to be absorbed by cells in the body and digested intracellularly
complete digestive tract (alimentary canal) - Answer -a more complex digestive system
cavity; has two openings: mouth and anus
crop - Answer -area where food is stored and moistened
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