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NUR 228 Exam 1 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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NUR 228 Exam 1 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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NUR 228 Exam 1 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100% VerifiedFolk image of the nurse - Responsibilities focused on nourishing and nurturing children, caring for
elderly, and caring for aging family members. Skills were learned through trial and error and passed
from one generation to another. Present the nursing as a caring individual who uses common sense to
help the sick.
Religious image of the nurse - Organizations through churches would care for the sick, the poor,
orphaned, aged, prisoners, etc. First hospitals were developed in the time of the religious image of the
nurse. Nurses expected to devote their lives to caring, commitment was based on religious faith.
Servant image of the nurse - The Reformation (Germany - 1517) brought change in the role of women,
limiting it to the confines of the home. Duties were those of bearing children and caring for the home.
Hospital care relegated to uncommon women - prisoners, prostitutes, drunks. "Dark Ages" of nursing.
Negative image for nursing - may have influenced the development of nursing as a profession as many
were unwilling to work as nurses while nursing was cast under this image.
Nightingale's Contributions - -Made nursing viewed as a PROFESSION (it required training and
qualifications)
-Nightingale helped correct horrible conditions of hospitals in the Crimean War, she introduced
importance of public hygiene, separation of people from garbage/sewage.
-created the first pie chart, took stats
-emphasized importance of cleanliness
-created the first nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital
-nurses should continue education, and have intelligence to care properly for clients
First nursing school- St Thomas' Hospital - -nurses trained in teaching hospitals
-nurses lived in nursing houses, this encouraged discipline
-school matron had final authority in just about all things
- curriculum includes practical and theoretical knowledge
-teachers would be paid, and records kept on students
,Development and Characteristics of early nursing schools - -around 1798 NY Hospital had first "system of
instruction" for nursing
-by the 1850's there was maternity service training
(New England Female Medical College, and Women's Hospital of Philadelphia)
-nurses were still recruited from low social status, and not trained in an organized fashion
-New England Hospital for Women and Children established the first formal 1-year training program.
-early schools only accepted women, there were separate schools for black nurses and men.
Characteristics of early nursing schools - -obedience like a soldier
-Nursing education was largely based on apprenticeship, long hours of work and no standard for
curriculum
-punishment was loss of a piece of the very detailed uniform
-1900-1920 was a time of growth/spread of nursing schools
-ISABEL HAMPTON limited the work day to 12 hours, including 2 hours for recreation/lunch
Military Influence on nursing and education - -American Revolution brought the first dispensaries where
smallpox vaccinations could be received (one of the very first uses of preventative medicine)
-Civil War brought the invention of the ambulance
-Spanish American War brought development of the Red Cross
-WW2 increased the status and authority of nurses, GI bill was passed that allowed nurses to enter into
bachelors/masters degree programs after service in the army
-Korean and Vietnam Wars brought development of triage and MASH units (Mobile Army Surgical
Unites)
Theorist: Henderson - Development/Needs
-Nursing's role is to assist and individual, sick or well, to carry out the activities he would perform
unaided if he had necessary strength, will, or knowledge.
Theorist: Neuman - Systems Approach
-Nursing responds to individuals, groups and communities who are in constant interaction with
environmental stressors that create disequilibrium with client's ability to react to stress and factors that
assist with reconstitution/adaption.
, Theorist: Nightingale - Environment/Sanitation
Goal of nursing is to put the client in the best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering
the environment.
Theorist: Orem - Self Care
Individuals need self care action, practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on behalf of
maintaining their well-being
Theorist: Peplau - Interpersonal Process
Nursing is an interaction between two or more individuals, with the common goal of assisting the sick
individuals.
Theorist: Rogers - Science of Unitary Man
Nursing is an art and science that's humanistic and humanitarian, directed toward the unitary man,
concerned with nature and direction of human development.
Theorist: Roy - Adaptation
Goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptive responses (positively influence health) that are affected by
a person's ability to respond to stimuli. Nursing is manipulating stimuli to promote an adaptive
response.
Theorist: Watson - Caring
Essence of nursing is caring. Behaviors defined as 10 curative factors. Focuses on spiritual subjective
aspects of nurse and client in the "caring moment", the moment when they first come together.
What is a theory? - An abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about how
phenomena are interrelated.
conceptual models/frameworks - Formal explanations of what nursing practice is
-concepts that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme
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