AP Biology Semester 1 Review Exam
Q&A | Verified | Approved | Updated 2024
Glycolysis - reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two
ATP molecules
Activation Energy - The energy needed to start a chemical rea...
Glycolysis - ✔✔reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two
ATP molecules
Activation Energy - ✔✔The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Calvin Cycle - ✔✔Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in ATP and
NADPH in the light reactions -associated with the stroma
Active Site - ✔✔The region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates
and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme.
Aerobic Respiration - ✔✔oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in
mitochondria
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ✔✔A molecule composed of the sugar
ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups
Matrix - ✔✔the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion
,Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - ✔✔cycle series of reactions in which
pyruvate molecules produced are broken down to CO2, forming ATP and
NADH
Light Reactions - ✔✔Chlorophyll and other molecules capture sunlight
energy and convert it to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH-
associated with the thylakoid
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ✔✔A molecule composed of the sugar
ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups.
Noncompetitive Inhibition - ✔✔
Lactic acid fermentation - ✔✔A series of anaerobic chemical reactions
using pyruvic acid that follows glycolysis and regenerates the NAD+
needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces Lactic Acid, occurs in bacteria and
human muscle cells experiencing oxygen debt.
Alcoholic fermentation - ✔✔A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using
pyruvic acid. Follows glycolysis and regenerates the NAD+ needed for
glycolysis to occur. Produces alcohol and CO2 as byproducts, used by
yeast cells in anaerobic conditions.
, Competitive Inhibition - ✔✔The process by which two ore more molecules
that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an
enzyme.
Stoma (stomata) - ✔✔Pores in the epidermis-mouths of the plant-open and
close to exchange CO2, O2, and H2O vapor
Endergonic - ✔✔Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of
energy.
Stroma - ✔✔Fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts
Enzyme - ✔✔A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific
biological reactions.
Thylakoid - ✔✔Inner most membrane of chloroplast arranged into disk
shaped stacks.
Exergonic - ✔✔Pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy
(either as heat or in the form of increased entropy); a "downhill" reaction.
Metabolism - ✔✔The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a
single cell or within all cells of a multicellular organism.
Cell size is limited by - ✔✔surface to volume ratios
water potential gradient - ✔✔The maximum value is 0. More solute= lower
water potential (becomes a negative value)
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