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HKIN 276 FINAL MODULE 3 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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HKIN 276 FINAL MODULE 3 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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HKIN 276 FINAL MODULE 3 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+Graded | 100% Verified
Open-loop control system in motor learning - A control system in which all the information needed to
initiate and carry out an action as planned is contained in the initial instructions to the effector, but
missing feedback and comparator mechanisms fro determining system errors
when is open-loop especially important? - it is important when the environmental situation is
predictable and stable
when isn't modification required in movement - when open-loop systems are most effective in stable,
predictable environments in which the need for modification of commands are low.
what influences reaction time? - Reaction time is affected by several features of the movement to be
performed, presumably by influencing the complexity and duration of the movement programming
stage.
factors that increase reaction time - - additional elements in area added to an action
- more limbs must be coordinated, and
- the duration of the movement becomes longer
factors that shorten reaction time - when intense stimuli (auditory or visual) are presented as startle
indicators, causing the prepared movement produced normally, but with an RT that may be up to 100
ms shorter than on control trials without the extra startle simulus
what are deafferentation experiments and what were their findings - Deafferentation experiments refer
to a surgical technique that involves cutting an animal's afferent nerve bundle where it enters the cord.
The central nervous system no longer can receive information from some portion of the periphery.
The studies show that sensory information from the moving limb in not absolutely critical for movement
production.
description of the central pattern generator - it is a centrally located control mechanism that produces
mainly genetically defined actions.
, The concept of a central pattern generator is used to describe simple, genetically defined activities such
as walking, whereas motor program theory applies to learned skills such as riding a bicycle. The main
difference is that the motor program involves learned activities that are centrally controlled.
stop signal paradigm and action inhibition in movement - considerable evidence suggests that a motor
program is released that is responsible for initiating the action in tasks and serves to carry out the entire
action unless a second stop signal program is initiated in time to arrest its completion
The stop signal paradigm is the method most frequently used for studying action inhibition.
major roles of open-loop organization - 1. to define and issue the commands to musculature that
determine when, how forcefully, and for how long muscles are to contract and which ones;
2. to organize that many degrees of freedom of the muscles and joints into a single unit
3. to specify and initiate preliminary postural adjustments necessary to support upcoming actoin
4. to modulate the many reflex pathways to ensure that the movement goal is achieved
two problems in motor program theory - 1. storage: how (or where) do humans store the nearly
countless number of motor programs needed for future use?
2. novelty: how do performers produce truly novel behavior that cannot be represented in an already
stored motor program
description of generalized motor program theory - a GMP underlies a class of movements and is
structured in memory with a rigidly defined temporal organization
invariant and parameters in the generalized motor program - invariant features make motor program
appear with same pattern, time after time.
Surface features are very easy to alter by parameter adjustment
3 invariant features:
1)relative timing
2)relative force
3)sequence of action
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