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G150/PHA1500 - Module 03 Quiz: The Muscular and Nervous Systems (Latest Study Guide)
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G150/PHA1500 - Module 03 Quiz: The Muscular and Nervous Systems (Latest Study Guide)
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-walls of most viscera, blood vessels, and skin-involuntary
smooth muscle
-autonomic
-not striated
Layers of dense connective tissue that holds individual skeletal muscles in position and
fascia
keeps it separate from adjacent muscles.
Connective tissues associated with a muscle form broad, fibrous sheets which may
aponeuroses
attach to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles.
sarcolema muscle cell membrane
sarcoplasm muscular "cytoplasm"
-synapse or site where an axon and muscle fiber meet
neuromuscular junction
-(myoneural junction)
A small gap separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle
synaptic cleft
fiber.
Neurons communicate with the cells that they control by releasing these chemicals at a
neurotransmitters
synapse.
sliding filament theory When sarcomeres shorten, thick and thin filaments slide past one another.
1. Myosin head attaches to actin binding site, forming cross-bridge.
2. Myosin cross-bridge pulls thin filament.
3. ADP and phosphate released from myosin
cross bridge cycling 4. New ATP binds to myosin
5. Linkage between actin and myosin cross-bridge break.
6. ATP splits
7. Myosin cross-bridge goes back to original position.
creatine phosphate and cellular respiration energy sources for muscle contraction
Amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the accumulated lactic acid to produce
oxygen debt
glucose and to restore muscle ATP and creating phosphate concentrations.
When a muscle has lost its ability to contract caused by oxygen debt, decreased blood
muscle fatigue flow, ion imbalances, and psychological loss of the desire to continue the exercise, and
increase of hydrogen ions.
isotonic, isometric, cocentric, eccentric types of muscle contraction
origin The less movable end of a muscle.
The more movable end of a muscle. This end is pulled toward the other end when the
insertion
muscle contracts.
-also known as the agonist, when the agonist is doing most of the work
prime mover muscles -a muscle that causes an action is called an agonist for that action
-i.e. abduction of the arm by the deltoid
-Nearby muscles that also contract and help with the action.
-i.e. When the deltoid muscle abducts the arem, the supraspinatus, a muscle that
synergist muscles
originates on the scapula helps with the abduction.
-Muscles that work together
-Muscles that work to oppose an action
antagonist muscles -Cause movement in the opposite direction
This of the muscles that raise the upper limb can lower the upper limb
-Autoimmune disorder where the body attacks ACh (acetylcholine).
myasthenia gravis -Results in weak muscles, most live a normal life span, but must regulate physical
activity
, -myoglobin, ATP, and creatine phosphate decline
aging of the muscular system -diameters of muscle fibers decrease but muscle layers in the walls of veins thicken,
making the vessels more rigid and less elastic
1. O2 not available
2. Glycolysis continues
oxygen debt
3. Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid
4. Liver converts lactic acid to glucose
isotonic muscle contracts and changes length
cocentric shortening of muscle length during contraction
eccentric lengthening of muscle length during contraction
isometric Muscle contracts but does not change length.
-muscles become smaller, drier, and capable of less forceful contraction
aging of the muscular system -CT and adipose replace muscle
-slower reflexes
-calmodulin is the protein used to bind calcium ions to skeletal muscle when its fibers
are stimulated
-hormones can stimulate or inhibit contraction
-stretching of the muscle can cause contraction
smooth muscle contraction
-slower to contract and relax, but can forcefully contract longer with the same amount
of ATP
-Can change length without changing tautness so it can stretch as organs fill, holding
the pressure inside the organs constant
Their organization produces the alternating light and dark striations characteristic of
filaments
skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers.
acetylcholine The neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle contraction.
somatic and autonomic divisions of the motor division
Communicates voluntary instructions originating in the CNS to skeletal muscles, causing
somatic nervous system
contraction.
Communicates instructions from the CNS that control viscera, such as the heart and
autonomic nervous system
various glands, and thus causes involuntary subconscious actions.
sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system
1. Receives information through sensory receptors
functions of the nervous system 2. Decides what to do in the CNS
3. Acts on decisions through effectors of the PNS
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar structural classification of neurons
multipolar neuron Many processes arising from its cell body. Brain and spinal cord
bipolar neuron Two processes; eyes, nose, and ears
unipolar neuron One process; ganglia
sensory, inter, and motor Functional classification of neurons
afferent neurons that conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or
sensory neurons
spinal cord
interneurons Lie within the brain or spinal cord to form links with other neurons.
motor neurons Efferent neurons that conduct impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors.
cell membrane potential The potential difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane.
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