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Chapter 14 Microbiology UTA Tholen | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Chapter 14 Microbiology UTA Tholen | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Chapter 14 Microbiology UTA Tholen | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+Graded | 100% Verified
Chemotherapy - drugs that target living cells and tissues (includes microbes
Antimicrobials - Used in 350 AD (even though they didn't know how the chemical worked)
Antimicrobials were mostly obtained through - consumption of plants and fermented products (i.e.
beer)
First drugs were developed by science in - early 1900s
Paul Ehrlich - scanned through 600 arsenic compounds to find cure for syphilis without killing host
Syphilis compound was derived from - Treponema pallidum and established modern drug discovery
methods
Joseph Klarer, Fritz Mietzch, and Gerhard Domagk - used synthetic dye, prontosil, to treat strep
infections
The first synthetic antimicrobial was - Prontosil; opened door for all "sulfa" drugs
Alex Fleming - accidentally discovered antibiotic from Penicillum notatum growing on bacterial agar
plate
Penicillum - 1st natural antibiotic
Bactericidal - kills microbes
Bacteriostatic - halts growth of microbes
, Narrow Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - BEST CHOICE; targets specific group of microbes
Broad Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - targets wide variety
Downside to Broad Spectrum - superinfection
Superinfection - 1) Normal microbiota keeps opportunistic pathogens in check
2) Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill nonresistant cells
3) Drug-resistant pathogens proliferate and can cause a superinfection
Dosage - concentration given in a certain time period
Optimal dosage allows - high drug efficacy with low adverse effects for patient
What can aid in optimal dosing? - Route of administration
How can some drugs interact with each other? - Synergistic (ex. Trimethoprint + Bactrim) or Antagonistic
(ex. Rifampin + birth control)
Selective toxicity - inhibiting/killing microbe but not harm to host
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent drugs: β-lactams: - Presence of lactam ring; blocks cross-
linking of peptide chains in new peptidoglycan; Penicillins (narrow), Cephalosporins (narrow except 3, 4,
5 generations; 5= MRSA), Monobactams (narrow), and Carbapenems (broad)
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Vancomycin - binds to end of peptide chain
to block subunits from adding to peptidoglycan backbone; narrow spectrum against gram-positive
bacteria
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Bacitracin - Derived from B. subtilis; blocks
peptidoglycan precursors from getting to wall; broad spectrum against gram positive and negative
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