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Pharmacology Exam II Questions and answers | with complete solution newest

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  • August 21, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Hassan Mohammed Pharm Exam 2 1


Pharmacology Exam II Questions and answers | with complete solution newest

Table of Content

CVS ...................................................................................................................................................... Page 2
Anti-Hypertensive............................................................................................................... Page 2
Diuretics................................................................................................................................... Page 9
Anti-Anginal ........................................................................................................................ Page 14
Congestive Heart Failure .............................................................................................. Page 18
Anti-Arrhythmic................................................................................................................ Page 21
Anti-Hyperlipidemic ....................................................................................................... Page 25
Blood....................................................................................................................................... Page 27

Gastrointestinal Tract ................................................................................................................... Page 32

,Hassan Mohammed Pharm Exam 2 2


CVS

Anti-Hypertensive
 Malignant HTN/ or HTN emergency
 Blood pressure > 200/120 with end organ damage (e.g. retinopathy,
neuropathy, and nephropathy)
 Treatment
 IV Nitroprusside causes reflex tachycardia and given if patient has
asthma
 Give a beta blocker to block the reflex tachycardia
 IV Labatelol or Carvedilol non-selective beta blockers with alpha
blocking capability
 Treatment of HTN
 Diuretics
 1stline of defense
 Used in moderate HTN
 Thiazides and Loop Diuretics
 Decrease plasma volume and cause vasodilation
 Loop diuretics increase prostacyclin release for vasodilation
 Thiazides causes K+ efflux by opening ATP dependent K + channels for
vasodilation
 Alpha-2 Agonists Alpha-Methyl Dopa and Clonidine
 Reserpine: blocks granular uptake of NE
 Beta Blockers
 Commonly used
 ACE Inhibitors

 Commonly used
 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
 Gaunithidine: blocks NE release after Ca 2+ influx
 Ca2+ Channel Blockers
 Ganglion Blocking Agents
 Alpha Blockers
 ATP Dependent K + Channels
 Found on smooth muscle of blood vessels which causes vasodilation
 Beta cells of the pancreas
 Inhibits insulin release causing diabetes mellitus

,Hassan Mohammed Pharm Exam 2 3



 Ca2+ Channel Blockers(CCB)
 Blocks voltage gated Ca2+ channels
 Cardio-selective CCB
 Verapamil
 Stimulates negative effects on the heart  ionotropy (FoC), chronotropy
(HR), and dromotropy (AV conduction)
 Contra-indicated in patients with AV blocks, bradycardia, and congestive
heart failure
 Side Effects: bradycardia, AV blocks, constipation
 Vaso-selective CCB
 “-dipine”
 Nifedipine
 Nimodipine
 Amlodipine
 Blocks Ca2+ influx to cause relaxation or vasodilation
 Causes arteriolar vasodilation(decreased afterload) more than venular
dilation (decreased preload)
 Side Effects are due to excess vasodilation  hypotension, reflex
tachycardia, edema, flushing, dizziness, syncope, nasal congestion, and
gingival hyperplasia
 Diltiazem blocks CCB on the heart and vessels
 Drugs which cause gingival hyperplasia CCB, Cyclosporine, and
Phenytoin
 Indications
 HTN
 Angina stable, unstable, prinzmetal/ vasospastic
 Arrhythmias Verapamil and Diltiazem
 Prevention of migraines
 Peripheral Vascular Diseases (e.g. Raynaud’s Phenomenon)“-dipine”
 Note: useful in patients with HTN who also have asthma, DM, angina, and
PVD

, Hassan Mohammed Pharm Exam 2 4


 Clonidine
 MOA: alpha-2 agonist
 Used for management of withdrawal symptoms of drugs of abuse
 Must withdraw slowly to prevent rebound HTN
 Alpha-Methyl-Dopa
 MOA: alpha-2 agonist
 Converted to its active form alpha-methyl-NE
 Acts in the CNS and decreases sympathetic outflow
 Decreases dopamine and NE
 Adverse Effects
 AIHA or SLE like reaction
 Sedation
 Xerostomia and hepatopathy
 Movement disorders (e..g Parkinson like)
 Hyperprolactinemia
 Reserpine
 MOA: blocks the vesicular/ granular uptake of NE, serotonin, dopamine, etc.
 Can be used to treat mild to moderate HTN
 Can cross the BBB
 Adverse Effects
 Sedation
 Depression
 Bradycardia
 To reverse overdose effects, give a direct agonist as indirect will have no
effect due to depletion of the mobile pool
 Guanithidine
 MOA: inhibits the release of NE after Ca 2+ influx
 TCA’s decreases the anti-HTN effects of guanithidine *****
 TCA inhibits the reuptake of NE lessening the effects of guanithidine
 Can’t cross the BBB or cause depression
 Alpha-1 Antagonist
 “-zocin” or “-locin”
 Uses
 HTN
 Symptomatic relief of BPH
 HTN with dyslipidemia
 Adverse Effects
 Due to vasodilation
 1st dose syncope(unique)
 Flushing and edema
 Reflex tachycardia
 Nasal congestion and miosis
 Sexual dysfunction
 Note: let the patient sit down and take the first dose to manage hypotension
that may occur
 All alpha-blockers are competitive except phenoxybenzamine

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