Exam (elaborations)
PMHNP exam with correct answers
- Course
- Institution
PMHNP exam with correct answers
[Show more]
Content preview
PMHNP exam with correct answersWhat routes of med admin are parenteral - ANSWERS🔷🔶All Injections ( IM Sub Q IV,
Intrathecal), AND Inhaled , transdermal (patches) , transmucosal (sublingual, nasal, rectal) . All PO
meds = enteral; Topical is all ointments placed on the skin
PO meds absorption pattern - ANSWERS🔷🔶Varies greatly due to:
»»Stability and solubility of the medication
»»Gastrointestinal pH and emptying time
»»Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
»»Other medications currently being administered
»»Forms of medications (enteric-coated pills, liquids)
Rectal medication admin is? - ANSWERS🔷🔶Unreliable/ inconsistent absorption/ good for
unconscious, vomiting pts or small children
parenteral = - ANSWERS🔷🔶any route of administration other than oral or rectal ; injections,
irrigation solutions, dialysis solutions
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERS🔷🔶What the body does to drug/ how it processes it.
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
factors that impact drug absorption - ANSWERS🔷🔶Body Factors: Area of absorptive surface i.e. in
GI the microfolds increase surface area, gut pH level, GI motility, presence of other substances. other
diseases; In elderly less acidic stomach ph and less blood flow to GI. Drug Factors: Formulation ,
molecular size , lipid water solubility, concentration etc.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS🔷🔶= study of what a drug does to body relationship between
drug concentration @ site of action and resulting effect, including time course and intensity of
therapeutic and adverse effects. The effect of a drug present at site of action is determined by that
drug's binding with a receptor. Receptors may be present on neurons in central nervous system (i.e.,
, opiate receptors) to depress pain sensation, on cardiac muscle to affect intensity of contraction, or
even within bacteria to disrupt maintenance of bacterial cell wall
Pharmacology - distribution - ANSWERS🔷🔶= process by which drug passes from bloodstream to
body tissues and organs .The following factors influence drug distribution: · Lipophilicity: Lipophilic
drugs pass through cell membrane/dissolves much easier vs hydrophilic.
· Drugs are redistributed in organs according to their fat and protein content.
· Most psychotropic medications are lipophilic and highly protein-bound.
-Only unbound (free) portion of drug is active. Therefore, people with low protein (albumin) levels,
such as in malnutrition, wasting, or aging, can potentially experience toxicity.
- People with high fat-to-lean body mass ratio (as in older adults) will have erratic amounts of active
drug in their system.
· Membrane permeability: To enter an organ, drug must permeate all membranes that separate it
from site of drug admin. i.e benzodiazepines, (very lipophilic) readily cross gut wall, capillary wall,
and blood~brain barrier; THUS they distribute to brain rapidly and are useful for treating anxiety
and convulsions. In contrast, some ABX cannot penetrate blood brain barrier so those meds cannot
be used to treat infections in brain. The blood~placenta barrier prevents fetal exposure to some drugs
but allows passage of others. Brain has stronger barrier- no slit junctions in brain cell membrane.
· Plasma protein binding=binding of drugs to plasma proteins, i.e. albumin, reduces amount of "free"
drug in blood. "Free" drug molecules, but not protein+bound molecules, reach an equilibrium
between blood and tissues. only free drug is active. Drugs w/ high molecular weight tend to be
extensively protein bound
· Depot storage: Lipophilic drugs, i.e. sedative thiopental, accumulate in fat. These agents are
released slowly from fat stores. Thus, an obese person might be sedated for a greater period of time
than a lean person to whom same dose of thiopen
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) - ANSWERS🔷🔶=· a calculated value that describes
nature of drug distribution. Vd is volume that would be required to contain adminstered dose if that
dose was evenly distributed at concentration measured in plasma. You could predict that a drug with
Vd "" 3 liters is distributed in plasma only (plasma volume"" 3 liters), whereas a drug with Vd 16 liters
is likely distributed in extraceliuJar water (extracellular water"" 3 liters plasma plus tD-13liters
interstitial fluid). A drug with Vd > 46 liters is Likely sequestered in a depot because body only
contains 40-46 liters of fluid.
Define Metabolism in terms of pharmacology - ANSWERS🔷🔶: Drugs, chemicals, and toxins are
all foreign to our bodies thus body attempts get rid of foreign chemicals, regardless of whether they
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolplug. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79373 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now