Exam (elaborations)
GAAP - answer Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(solved & updated).
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GAAP - answer Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(solved & updated).
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1st Development Stage of School Finance - answerThe period of local district financial responsibility,
with little or no assistance from the state
-used to be local or church
-rate bills or tuition
-problem in equity
2nd Development Stage of School Finance - answer
The period of emerging state responsibility, with
the use of flat grants, subventions, and other
nonequalizing state allocations to local districts
-state to supplement local tax revenues to provide
acceptable programs
3rd Development Stage of School Finance - answer
The emergence of the Strayer-Haig concept of a
foundation program (minimum program)
-Each local district would levy the amount of local
tax that was required in the richest district of the
state to provide a foundation, or minimum,
program. The rich district would receive no state
funds; the other districts would receive state funds
necessary to provide the foundation program.
4th Development Stage of School Finance - answer
The period of refinement of the foundation
program concept
,-use of flat grants
-question to take money from wealthy districts to
equalize
5th Development Stage of School Finance - answer
"Power" or "open-end" (shared costs) equalization
practices
-20th century
Equalization - answer state and local districts
began exercising a degree of partnership in
establishing and paying for a basic program of
education for every school-age child in the state—
at least in theory. In practice, the link between
funding and program quality was questionable.
open-ended, or shared-cost, equalization plan -
answer the percentage of this program to be paid
by each individual district and by the state. This
percentage of state funds would be high for poor
districts and low for wealthier ones. Once that
determination has been made for each district, the
same partnership ratio would be maintained to pay
the total cost of the school program in each district
-Harlan Updegraff
,6th Development Stage of School Finance - answer
The shift of emphasis and influence, and funding
for special need
-economic factors influenced (wars, terrorist
attacks, natural disasters, fluctuating prices in
energy, had to rethink budget and safety of
schools
7th Development Stage of School Finance - answer
A focus on adequacy in education finance
-court cases
-sufficient funding is needed to meet state laws,
standards, and requirements, and must be
constitutionally enforceable
-CCSS
Foundational funding - answer The state provides a
minimal level of funding as a guarantee per
student expenditure. The intent of this system is to
counteract the disparity of wealth across various
districts of a state.
Common School Era - answer Local school districts
were formed to support the education of the local
population, many of whom were the children of
immigrants. In order to accommodate this influx of
educational need with limited personal resources,
, local property taxes became mandated to support
public schools.
Early Colonial Schooling - answer Funded through
tuition or rate changes, primarily as a funding of
the local community or church of that community.
Funding for public schools is directly addressed in
which document? - answer State Constitution
-The funding and operation of public schools is
directly addressed in each state's constitution.
Access to education and the quality are different
depending upon how the state defines its
language. For example, a "right" to education is
different than a "goal" to educate all citizens. A
"right" provides grounds for equity and equality
litigation while a "goal" may provide more
flexibility in disparity.
What is meant by pupil expenditure? - answer The
pupil expenditure is the total expense accounted
for by that specific student. For example, this
funding amount includes but is not limited to:
personnel expenses (salary, benefits, and other
human resource expenses), transportation costs
(gas, busses, oil, personnel), facility expenses
(building construction, maintenance, utilities,
insurance), and instructional resources (books,
supplies, technology, materials). The amount of
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