BIOD 151 Module 1 BEST STUDYING
MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION UPDATE 2024-2025 WITH
100+ QUESTIONS
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
- ANSWER The rough ER takes the proteins from the ribosomes on its surface and modifies and
transports them.
What is the function of RNA?
- ANSWER RNA transports the coded amino acid sequence to the ribosomes from the nucleus
for protein synthesis.
What is the function of endospores?
- ANSWER An endospore is a dormant and very durable cell formed from bacteria.
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
- ANSWER The Golgi complex receives lipids and proteins from the ER, alters the structures of
them, and then ships them to other parts in the cell. It also produces lysosomes.
What is the function of a lysosome?
- ANSWER A lysosome is made up of digestive enzymes that break down biomacromolecules.
What is the function of mitochondria?
- ANSWER The mitochondria converts energy from food into ATP.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
,- ANSWER The plasma membrane contains gates and pumps that regulate what goes into and
out of cells.
What are microtubules?
- ANSWER Microtubules are hollow tubes that help move chromosomes during cell division.
What are microfilaments?
- ANSWER Microfilaments are solid fibers that create movement.
What is the function of the extracellular matrix?
- ANSWER The extracellular matrix contains collagen.
Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production –
ANSWER ATP provides energy to cells. Aerobic respiration is the process in which oxygen is
used to break down food and convert the chemical energy in it into ATP.
Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.
- ANSWER When lysosomes lack one of the digestive enzymes that normally breaks down a
toxic lipid in the brain, the lipid builds up and can lead to intellectual disability and death.
eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells
- ANSWER The three main differences are the size (prokaryotes are smaller), the presence of a
nucleus (not present in prokaryotes), and the presence of membrane-bound organelles (not
present in prokaryotes).
Membranes
- ANSWER The structure is a phospholipid bi-layer where proteins can be partially or completely
embedded. The proteins can change positions and move around within the membrane, thus it's
"fluid"
, Diffusion
- ANSWER Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane. (small molecules
such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules such as hydrocarbons)
Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins
binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipid-insoluble (polar)
molecules such as sugars and amino acids)
active transport
- ANSWER When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area
of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier proteins because the molecules
are going against the concentration gradient.
endocytosis
- ANSWER when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell membrane and
forms a vesicle inside the cell.
Phagocytosis
- ANSWER endocytosis of extremely large things like other cells. Once enclosed, lysosomes fuse
with and digest it.
pinocytosis
- ANSWER endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inward.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
- ANSWER information transfer from one cell to another by use of ligands (signaling molecules)
that bind to receptor proteins.
proteins
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