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AP Bio Chapter 16-18 Exam| Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Bio Chapter 16-18 Exam| Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Bio Chapter 16-18 Exam| Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |100% Verified
Phages - Viruses that infect bacteria, commonly used by molecular genetic researchers
Double Helix - 2 strands of DNA, structure discovered by Watson and Crick
Semiconservative Model - When a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have 1 old and 1
new strand. Watson and Crick proposed this idea and it was later tested/supported by Meselson and
Stahl
Origins of Replication - Special sites where DNA replication begins - forms a bubble
Replication Fork - End of each replication bubble, y-shaped region where new strands of DNA are
elongating.
DNA Polymerase - Catalyzes elongation of DNA at replication fork. Only adds nucleotides at the free 3'
end, forming new DNA strand in the 5'->3' direction only!
Leading Strand - DNA strand made by DNA Poly 3 nesting in replication fork on that template strand and
continuously adding nucleotides to the complementary strand as fork progresses.
Lagging Strand - DNA Poly 3 works away from the replication fork, it is synthesized in segments
Okazaki Fragments - Segments of the lagging strand
DNA Ligase - joins (ligates) the sugar-phosphate back bones of the Okazaki fragments which form a
single new DNA strand
Primer - The initial nucleotide chain, consist of DNA or RNA
, Primase - Enzyme, can start an RNA chain from scratch
Helicase - Breaks hydrogen bonds, untwists double helix at replication forks and separates parent
strands
Topoisomerase - Relieves strain - the tighter twisting ahead of replication fork caused by helicase
Single-Strand binding Protein - Stabilizes unwound DNA, binds to unpaired DNA strands after helicase
separates the 2 parent strands
Mismatch Repair - Cells use special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired base pairs
Nuclease - DNA cutting enzyme that excises incorrectly paired base pairs, cuts out segment and takes
out extra
Excision Repair - DNA repair using nuclease
Telomerase - Enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomerase in eukaryotic germ cells
One Gene-One Polypeptide Hypothesis - proposed by Beadle and Tatum, the function of a gene is to
dictate the production of a specific polypeptide
Transcription - The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA -- DNA provides template for RNA
assembly
Messenger RNA - Carries a genetic message from the DNA to protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell
Translation - The actual synthesis of an amino acid polypeptide, occurs under the direction of mRNA.
Ribosomes - Site of translation, complex particles that help link amino acids together into a polypeptide
chain
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