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CMB2004 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED
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CMB2004 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSLATEST UPDATED
What is the specific/adaptive immunity? - ANSWER induced by exposure to an
infection, very specific and has memory
Describe the receptors in the specific immune response - ANSWER clonally
distributed, a large repertoire at a low frequency
What is clonal selection? - ANSWER during development, cells recognising
self-material are destroyed leaving only those recognising non-self
What's the role of clonal selection? - ANSWER reduces the repertoire leaving a
pool of mature naive lymphocytes which can proliferate and differentiate on
activation to form effector cells
What are TCRs? - ANSWER T cell receptors, expressed by T cells are always
membrane-bound
What do TCRs recognise? - ANSWER processed peptides on MHC on APC
What is this? - ANSWER TCR complex
What are the four domains of a TCR? - ANSWER heterodimer of alpha and beta
What can the four domains of a TCR sometimes be? - ANSWER gamma and delta
Whats CDR? - ANSWER complementary determining region
How many CDRs does a TCR have? - ANSWER each chain has 3 so 6 in total
Whats an MHC? - ANSWER essential for the acquired immune system to
recognize foreign molecules
What does MHC stand for? - ANSWER major histocompatibility complex
Whats different between MHCI and MHCII - ANSWER different structures and
expression patterns presenting peptides from different sources
How was MHC first discovered? - ANSWER in transplant rejection
,Which cells are MHCI present on? - ANSWER all nucleated cells
What are the types of MHCI? - ANSWER HLA-A/B/C
What domains is the MHCI made of? - ANSWER alpha 1 2 3 and beta2
microglobulin
In MHCI, which domains are Ig-like? - ANSWER alpha 3 and beta2 microglobulin
In MHCI, which domains are polymorphic/peptide binding? - ANSWER alpha 1
and 2
What does MHCI bind with? - ANSWER CD8+ cells
Which cells are MHCII present on? - ANSWER APC/cytokine active cells
What are the types of MHCII? - ANSWER HLA-DQ/DR/DP
What domains is the MHCII made of? - ANSWER alpha 1/2 and beta 1/2
In MHCII, which domains are Ig-like? - ANSWER beta 2 and alpha 2
In MHCII, which domains are polymorphic/peptide binding? - ANSWER beta 1
and alpha 1
What does MHCII bind with? - ANSWER CD4+ cells
What are antibodies? - ANSWER Y-shaped proteins that are produced by
B-lymphocytes
What is a BCR? - ANSWER B cell receptor expressed by B cells and are the
membrane bound form of antibodies
What do BCR bind? - ANSWER free antigen
What happens when free antigen binds to a BCR? - ANSWER causes the BCR to
be secreted
Whats different between the secreted form of BCR and the membrane bound form?
- ANSWER secreted form has an alternative hydrophilic C terminus
Whats a role of antibodies? - ANSWER opsonisation to increase phagocytosis
Whats a role of antibodies? - ANSWER classical complement pathway
,Whats a role of antibodies? - ANSWER activation of effector cells
Whats the structure of an antibody? - ANSWER there are 2 heavy and 2 light
chains in a Y shape
In an antibody, how are the heavy and light chains held together? - ANSWER by
covalent and non covalent bonds
In an antibody, what are the two types of light chains? - ANSWER lambda and
kappa
In an antibody, what regions form the antigen binding site? - ANSWER variable
heavy and variable light regions
In an antibody, what is the antigen binding site? - ANSWER hypervariable
In an antibody, how is the antigen binding site hypervariable? - ANSWER has 6
loops or CDR
What are antigen's interactions with the Ag binding sites of antibodies? - ANSWER
can be linear or discontinuous
In an antibody, what does the constant heavy domain do? - ANSWER interacts
with FcR and allows for the effector response
What are the 5 isotypes of antibodies? - ANSWER IgM/D/G/E/A
How are the different isotopes of antibodies determined? - ANSWER different
heavy chain constant regions
What is the first class of antibody expressed and why? - ANSWER IgM as cMU is
closest to the VDJ genes
Why can IgM and IgD be co-expressed? - ANSWER because cDelta is closest to
cMu
How are IgM and IgD co-expressed? - ANSWER by RNA processing
What does class switching need? - ANSWER AID to do recombination guided by
switch regions
In an antibody, what are the shapes of the domains? - ANSWER barrel
, In an antibody, what are associated with the domains? - ANSWER carbohydrate
domains
Where are gene segments of TCRs rearranged? - ANSWER in thymus during
development
What mechanisms of variability are used in TCR gene segment rearrangements? -
ANSWER 1) combinatorial diversity
2) junctional diversity
How can MHC molecules be induced/upregulated? - ANSWER interferon
How many different class I molecules can an individual express? - ANSWER up to
6 as there are 3 locis (ABC) and can be heterozygous
What contributes to the polymorphism of MHC? - ANSWER each individual
makes slightly different MHC allowing for huge variation and presentation of many
peptides
Which chromosome are the MHC genes located on? - ANSWER chromosome 6
Whats the potential negatives to MHC molecules huge variety? - ANSWER
increased risk of autoimmune diseases and issues with organ transplants
What type of antigen does MHCI present? - ANSWER endogenous
Whats endogenous antigen? - ANSWER antigen/viral proteins are made in the
cytoplasm and are processed to peptides by the proteasome
What happens to endogenous processed peptides in MHCI presentation? -
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