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CMB 2004 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
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CMB 2004 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIEDANSWERS
Pathogens that may infect mammals can include fungi, bacteria, and viruses as well
as large, multi-cellular organisms such as - ANSWER helminths
The first phase of an immune response is known as the innate response with the
second phase called the - ANSWER acquired/adaptive
The acquired phase is specific and relies on the detection of infectious agents using
- ANSWER .receptors expressed by lymphocytes
The process by which enough cells express receptors for the correct pathogen is
known as - ANSWER clonal selection/expansion
Why is the secondary immune response more effective than the primary response?
- ANSWER initial antigen-induced clonal expansion leads to memory cell
formation which are then both faster (because present at a higher frequency) and
more effective (as have mutated BCRs/antibodies) to respond during secondary
response
What are the 2 chains of an antibody called? - ANSWER heavy/light chain
Which part of an antibody interacts with the epitope of an antigen? - ANSWER two
identical antigen binding sites (and in particular CDRs within these)
Define the Fab and the Fc regions of an antibody? - ANSWER Fab is (VH/CH1+
VL/CL1) domains (artificially generated with papain) Fc is ((CH2/CH3/+ (CH4
sometimes)) x2 regions of antibody that binds to FcRs; (also artificially generated
with papain)
The antigen binding site of an antibody is made up of... - ANSWER variable
domain of H and L chains.
The lamda and kappa chains form the .... chain of an antibody? - ANSWER light
,How many hypervariable regions are involved with antigen binding in a single
antibody molecule? - ANSWER 12
Antibodies only recognise peptide antigens? - ANSWER false
TCRs are hetero..... proteins? - ANSWER dimeric
TCRs are formed from two glycoproteins? - ANSWER true
T cells expressing gamma and delta TCRs are the most common type of T cell -
ANSWER true (there are possibly more of them in skin and gut; very hard to
estimate the precise nos.) but we know more about a/b T cells which are easier to
find in the blood and secondary lymphoid structures
TCRs recognise carbohydrate? - ANSWER false
antibodies, TCR's and MHC molecules are:
• Glycoproteins?
• Part of the immunoglobulin superfamily?
• Integral parts of the adaptive immune response? - ANSWER true, true, true
MHC class I molecules are expressed by which cell types? - ANSWER almost all
What are the main structural differences between class I and II MHC molecules? -
ANSWER One chain (class I) versus two (class II), class II have more "open"
groove
Does beta 2 microglobulin bind to the processed peptide? - ANSWER no
How many transmembrane domains does an MHC class I and an MHC class II
molecule have respectively? - ANSWER 1,2
Which binds smaller processed peptides, MHCI/II? - ANSWER Class I MHC
"snaps shut" on small 8-9 aa peptides in ER following their transport into ER lumen
by TAPs. Class II has peptide-binding grove blocked by CLIP which is only
removed once in endocytic pathway by HLA-DM which also adds in longer
peptides (that sometimes hang out end of groove) generated from phagocytosed
antigens
, Class 1
What does HLA stand for? - ANSWER human leukocyte antigen
HLA-DR, -DQ and DP are types of MHC class I or II molecules? - ANSWER class
2
Which gene segments encode the variable region of the Ig heavy chain? -
ANSWER VDJ
Which gene segments encode the variable region of the light chain of an antibody?
- ANSWER VJ
How are the heavy (H) chain of an antibody and the beta (b) chain of the TCR
similar? - ANSWER Similar gene fragments (VDJ) as above
When do rearrangements of Ig genes occur? - ANSWER during their development
in the BM when they are termed pro and pre-B cells
What are the 2 types of light chains found in antibodies? - ANSWER Kappa (k)
/lambda (l)
Does the heavy or light chain constant region determine an antibody's isotype? -
ANSWER heavy
If a m (pronounced "mu") constant region is spliced onto a re-arranged VDJ Ig
allele, which antibody isotype is produced by the B cell? - ANSWER IgM
What does AID stand for, and what does this enzyme do? - ANSWER
activation-induced deaminase, de-aminates cytosine to uracil causes mutations in
VDJ and VJ regions during somatic hypermutation; also cuts DNA between VDJ
and C regions during class switching
There are 5 distinct mechanisms that allow for antibody diversity; list them? -
ANSWER 1. Families of gene segments that re-arrange i.e. combinatorial, 2.
junctional diversity (not precise joining), 3. N region addition, 4. heavy and light
chain paring, 4. somatic hypermutation
Can a B cell produce more than one type of antibody with different specificities? -
ANSWER no
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