Class notes
NURS 208
- Course
- NURS 208
- Institution
- San Diego State University
This is a detailed, thorough, and organized notes on everything you need to study for pathophysiology exam 1. *Essential!! *For you!!
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• 1/23 Lecture 1Pathology: science of the causes and effects of disease
Pathophysiology: the disordered physiological processes associated with disease/injury
Stress + coping = adaptation
Exercise ~30 mins/ day, 5x / week
Sugar
Pro-inflammatory
16 g sugar = 4 tsp : 1 tsp = 4g
Stress (“fight” in fight or flight)
stimulates: blood flow, hearing ability, RR, BP —> stimulates sympathetic
inhibits: digestion rate, immune system, urine production —> inhibits
parasympathetic
epic-genetics express themselves under stress
Immunity:
1st line of defense: Innate Immunity
present at birth
Natural Barriers: epithelial layer (skin), mucus membranes
Normal Flora: Normal flora (“good” bacteria in gut)
12 strains of bacteria in gut
gut flora = 89% of immune system
prebiotics = raw foods (fruits/veggies)
probiotics (live active cultures) help restore gut flora
E. coli is good only in gut flora
dysbiosis: imbalance or good vs bad gut bacteria
2nd line of defense: Inflammation
Inflammation is beneficial:
activation of Complement System
Classical pathway = antigen / antibody complex
Lectin pathway = secretes sugars
Alternate pathway = body recognized endotoxins
Clotting system = increased permeability
activated by vessel wall injury (blood vessel injury [extrinsic]
OR damaged vessel wall
[intrinsic])
Kinin system = group of substances that respond to injury
histamine-like effects (increased permeability) + pain
bradykinin = inflammatory mediator
Steps of Inflammatory Process:
1. Histamine = Vasodilation (phagocytes + clotting factors
released)
2. Increased vascular permeability
3. WBC adherence to inner walls (decreased blood flow = low
O2)
Acute Inflammatory process
1. Injury / pathogen invasion —> activation of plasma systems
, (Complement Clotting Kinin)
—> Vasodilation (erythema/warmth + Vascular permeability
(edema) + Cellular infiltration
(pus) + thrombosis (clots) + stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
Cell Components
erythrocyte = RBC
platelets = clot
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
—> Autoimmune responses occur from too many leukocytes
Mast cells release histamine = most important cell in inflammatory
response
filled with Granulocytes (contain histamine + heparin,
located in CT)
Basophils: function like mast cell
located in sub-Q tissue
filled with heparin
Eosinophils
Neutrophils counts rise in early inflammation
Homocysteine: indicate stressor (doesn’t tell what/where stressor
is)
correlated with increased clotting = increased DVT, stroke,
cardiac disease, etc
lower homocysteine levels by consuming high but B12
foods
Opsonin: triggers phagocytes (WBCs) to phagocytose bacterium
NO (Nitric Oxide): improves vessel wall compliance ; increased
relaxation / dilation of blood vessels
increased NO levels during exercise = tissues well-perfused
NO not well produced in chronic diseases
conclusion of inflammation = healing and repair
People with Chronic Diabetes CANNOT trigger inflammatory response
Histamine
H1 receptors = pro-inflammatory
cause smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)
stimulation of H1 on neutrophils = increased neutrophil chemotaxis =
neutrophils eat away good
tissue
H2 receptors = anti-inflammatory
inhibition takes place: suppress leukocyte function
induces secretion of gastric acid in stomach
Chronic inflammation = > 2 weeks
characterized by dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
Acute Inflammation = < 2 weeks
Characteristics of scar
1. Lack of blood flow
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