Class notes
NURS 208
- Course
- NURS 208
- Institution
- San Diego State University
This is a detailed, thorough, and organized notes on everything you need to study for pathophysiology exam 1. *Essential!! *For you!!
[Show more]
Content preview
• 1/23 Lecture 1Pathology: science of the causes and effects of disease
Pathophysiology: the disordered physiological processes associated with disease/injury
Stress + coping = adaptation
Exercise ~30 mins/ day, 5x / week
Sugar
Pro-inflammatory
16 g sugar = 4 tsp : 1 tsp = 4g
Stress (“fight” in fight or flight)
stimulates: blood flow, hearing ability, RR, BP —> stimulates sympathetic
inhibits: digestion rate, immune system, urine production —> inhibits
parasympathetic
epic-genetics express themselves under stress
Immunity:
1st line of defense: Innate Immunity
present at birth
Natural Barriers: epithelial layer (skin), mucus membranes
Normal Flora: Normal flora (“good” bacteria in gut)
12 strains of bacteria in gut
gut flora = 89% of immune system
prebiotics = raw foods (fruits/veggies)
probiotics (live active cultures) help restore gut flora
E. coli is good only in gut flora
dysbiosis: imbalance or good vs bad gut bacteria
2nd line of defense: Inflammation
Inflammation is beneficial:
activation of Complement System
Classical pathway = antigen / antibody complex
Lectin pathway = secretes sugars
Alternate pathway = body recognized endotoxins
Clotting system = increased permeability
activated by vessel wall injury (blood vessel injury [extrinsic]
OR damaged vessel wall
[intrinsic])
Kinin system = group of substances that respond to injury
histamine-like effects (increased permeability) + pain
bradykinin = inflammatory mediator
Steps of Inflammatory Process:
1. Histamine = Vasodilation (phagocytes + clotting factors
released)
2. Increased vascular permeability
3. WBC adherence to inner walls (decreased blood flow = low
O2)
Acute Inflammatory process
1. Injury / pathogen invasion —> activation of plasma systems
, (Complement Clotting Kinin)
—> Vasodilation (erythema/warmth + Vascular permeability
(edema) + Cellular infiltration
(pus) + thrombosis (clots) + stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
Cell Components
erythrocyte = RBC
platelets = clot
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
—> Autoimmune responses occur from too many leukocytes
Mast cells release histamine = most important cell in inflammatory
response
filled with Granulocytes (contain histamine + heparin,
located in CT)
Basophils: function like mast cell
located in sub-Q tissue
filled with heparin
Eosinophils
Neutrophils counts rise in early inflammation
Homocysteine: indicate stressor (doesn’t tell what/where stressor
is)
correlated with increased clotting = increased DVT, stroke,
cardiac disease, etc
lower homocysteine levels by consuming high but B12
foods
Opsonin: triggers phagocytes (WBCs) to phagocytose bacterium
NO (Nitric Oxide): improves vessel wall compliance ; increased
relaxation / dilation of blood vessels
increased NO levels during exercise = tissues well-perfused
NO not well produced in chronic diseases
conclusion of inflammation = healing and repair
People with Chronic Diabetes CANNOT trigger inflammatory response
Histamine
H1 receptors = pro-inflammatory
cause smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)
stimulation of H1 on neutrophils = increased neutrophil chemotaxis =
neutrophils eat away good
tissue
H2 receptors = anti-inflammatory
inhibition takes place: suppress leukocyte function
induces secretion of gastric acid in stomach
Chronic inflammation = > 2 weeks
characterized by dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
Acute Inflammation = < 2 weeks
Characteristics of scar
1. Lack of blood flow
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
82871 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now