Bio114 Midterm Exam Prep| Questions and
Correct Answers. 283 Q&A. 100% Correct|
Updated Fall 2024/2025. Graded A+.
Isotope
An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the
same element. Can be radioactive
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Bacteriophage
Occam's Razor
Occam's razor describes the scientific tendency to prefer the simplest explanations that require the
fewest assumptions
Monomer
A monomer is a single molecule such as one nucleotide that can be added onto other monomers to
produce a long chain
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions of a partially positively-charged hydrogen atom and a weakly
negative atom, such as nitrogen or oxygen
Antiparallel
referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in
opposite 5' -3' directions).
X-ray diffraction
An x-ray diffraction pattern is a distribution of spots revealing how an x-ray beam was scattered by
striking parts of a molecule (in this case, DNA).
DNA polymerase
principle enzyme involved in DNA replication
,Centrifuge
a process in which a mixture of liquid and particulate matter is spun in tubes at high speeds
Eugenics
is a form of prejudice where science was misused to "improve" humans through selective breeding.
tRNA
the molecule that carries individual amino acids to the ribosome when the appropriate codon is present
rRNA
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
mRNA
an RNA molecule that carries the DNA information to the cytoplasm for conversion to protein
(messenger RNA)
Ribosome
are organelles composed of rRNA and proteins that polymerize amino acids to form proteins
Central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Transcription
The enzymatic production of RNA using DNA as the template
Translation
the process of ribosomes assembling amino acids into proteins
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
, Product
a substance that forms in a chemical reaction
Induction
Genes transcribed at an accelerated rate
Repression
Genes transcribed at a reduced rate
Diploid
an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Allele
different forms of the same gene
Downstream
a relative direction of DNA in the same direction as a gene is transcribed and further away from the
initiation site.
Operon
a bacterial cluster of genes regulated by a common segment of DNA, a shared promoter.
Promoter
the first part of a gene that regulates when the gene is turned on and off.
Transcription factor
protein that binds to promoters to help initiate transcription of RNA from a gene.
Dominant
encode traits that are always detectable in the phenotype of an individual
Recessive
encode traits that are only detectable in the absence of a dominant allele
DNase
enzyme that breaks DNA into individual nucleotides
RNase
Digests RNA into individual nucleotides
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