NURS 334 Exam 2 -Development, Fluid
and Electrolytes, Gas exchange
Questions and Correct Answers
Developmental level ✅Position of an individual in the sequence of development
Developmental milestone ✅Set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most
children can complete at a certain age range
Developmental tasks ✅Unique skills and competencies that need to be mastered at
each developmental stage in order for the individual to cope with the environment
Developmental age ✅Used to describe developmental progress. It is stated as age
and is determined by standardized measurements of body, size, motor function,
psychosocial function and performance on mental and aptitude tests
Developmental delay ✅Delay of at least 2.5 standard deviations in one or more areas
of development: Physical, cognitive, communication, social and emotional, and adaptive
development
Developmental arrest ✅The cessation of one or more phases of development before it
reaches normal completion
Physical development ✅Bilateral and symmetric, including gross motor and fine motor
skills
Examples of physical development ✅Holding head up, Sitting up, Walking
Variables affecting physical development ✅Prematurity, illness that prevents growth,
lack of opportunity
Social/Emotional development ✅pertains to personality, emotion, and behavior; this
phase of development involves interacting with others; having relationships with family,
friends, and teachers; and cooperating and responding to the feelings of others. This
also refers to maintaining emotional control
Variables affecting emotional development ✅Parental response, genetics
Cognitive development ✅Sensory reception, processing, and use of information
,Variables affecting cognitive development ✅Health, genetics, opportunity, nutrition,
prematurity
Communication development ✅Speech is the spoken expression of language,
receptive language and expressive language are two aspects of communication
Variables affecting communication development ✅Hearing, interactions with others
Adaptive development ✅Adaptive are skills that enable independence, including
adaptive skills and functional behavior
Variable affecting adaptive development ✅Physical illness, cognitive delay, lack of
opportunities, illness
Major Characteristics of infant development ✅Responds to loud noise by startle (Moro)
Cognitive- self-centered, use of reflexes (Babinski, Moro, Grasp)
Behavior- reflective -- sucking, swallowing, rooting, grasping, crying
Growth is about 1 inch per month in height for the first 6 months
Weight is approximately double at 5 months, triple at 12 months
Genetic, metabolic, and nutritional factors influence infant growth
2 month old developmental milestones ✅Smiles
Sucks on hands to calm self
Looks at parent
Coos, makes sound
Turn towards sound
Begins to follow with eyes, recognize people
Act bored, cry or fuss -- needs some activity
Holds head up when lying on tummy
Movements becoming smoother
Grasping is a reflex, at 1 month hands closed, by 3 months open most of the time
6 month developmental milestones ✅Knows familiar faces and begins to recognize if
someone is a stranger
Likes to play, looks in mirror
Responds to sounds by making sounds
Responds to own name
Babbles with vowels and consonants
Brings things to mouth
Shows curiosity and tries to reach for things
Rolls over both directions
Begins sitting without support
Supports weight on legs and might bounce
May start to crawl backward before moving forward
, 12 month developmental milestones ✅Stranger anxiety, cries when mom or dad
leaves
Favorite things and people
Repeats sounds or actions, plays peek a boo
Says mama, dada, may state no and shake head
Copies gestures, starts to drink from cup, brush hair
Puts things in a container, takes back out
May follow simple directions like "pick up the toy"
Pulls to stand and may stand/walk alone or cruise holding furniture
18 month developmental milestones ✅May have temper tantrums
Shows affection to familiar people
Plays pretend such as feeding a doll
Says several words, shakes head "no"
Points to what they want
Knows use of telephone, spoon, cup, etc.
Walks alone
Can undress self
Drink from cup, eats from spoon
May walk up steps, run
24 months developmental milestones ✅Copies others, older children
Gets excited about other children
Shows more independence and defiant behavior
Plays beside and sometimes with other children
2 or 4 word sentences
Names items in a book
May show hand dominance
Stands on tiptoe
Kicks a ball
Runs
3 years developmental milestones ✅Takes turns
Understands "mine" and "yours"
Says first name, age, and gender
Talks well enough for strangers to understand
2 to 3 sentence conversations
Builds towers of more than 6 blocks
Can work buttons, levers
Climbs well
Runs easily
Pedals a trike
Walks up and down steps one foot on each step
4 years developmental milestones ✅Enjoys new things
Play "mom" and "dad"
