Exam (elaborations)
Environmental History Final Exam Devices Questions for Success 2024
- Course
- Institution
Environmental History Final Exam Devices Questions for Success 2024
[Show more]
Content preview
Environmental History Final Exam• John Muir - ANS o Made wooden clocks
o Suffered severe machine accident and was almost blinded
o Helped for Sierra Club (began as hiking club for the wealthy)
o Fought to save Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite, but dam was eventually
approved and he died a year later
• Gifford Pinchot - ANS o Saw conservation as a political vehicle
o Born into wealthy family
o Was appointed chief of USDA Forestry Division and persuaded Teddy Roosevelt
to transfer land to USDA, which created a new US Forest Service with him in
charge
o Midnight Forests
o Wrote The Fight for Conservation - which outlined philosophical underpinnings
of Progressive Era Conservation
o Borrowed from Jeremy Bentham to state that conservation is the "greatest good
of the greatest number for the longest time"
Progressive Conservation - ANS efficient use of natural resources, ending waste,
technical rule by experts, suspicion of corruption, enthusiasm for strong
centralized gov.
• Man and Nature - ANS George Perkins Marsh, 1864
,o Pivotal text of U.S. conservation
o Launched intellectual arguments that would lead conservation ideals - argued
that environmental decline was the reason for Greek and Babylonian demise, and
proposed that we may be doing the same thing
o Ideals from this book were used to help protect Adirondack Park in NY
• Adirondack Park - ANS o Nature preserve in upstate NY
o Protected by ideas from Man and Nature
o Efforts to protect these represented convergence of romantic
sublime/picturesque values with hunting and utilitarian conservation
• Forest Reserve Act - ANS 1891
o Gave president power to set aside national forest reserves
• Owen's valley - ANS o Less popularized Hetch Hetchy
o Was flooded to create Los Angeles Aqueduct
o Provided water for Los Angeles but ended farming in Owens Valley
o Highlights idea of "good for greatest number" - many more people live in the
city..
• Imperial Valley - ANS o New name of Colorado desert
o New ability to transport water to desert areas
o Now one of the most fertile agricultural areas in the world
,• William Ellsworth Smythe - ANS o The Conquest of Arid America
o Promoted government support of irrigation - merged romantic and Utilitarian
views of conservation
o "garden in the desert"
• Francis G. Newland's Reclamation Act of 1902 - ANS o Irrigation movement
prompted creation
o Provided federal funds for irrigation small family farms
• Dr. Jacob Bigelow & Mount Auburn Cemetery - ANS o 1831 Cambridge, MA
o nations first arboretum, became a model for many romantic cemeteries to come
• Andrew Jackson Downing - ANS o 1815-52
o nation's most influential "landscape gardener"
o Theory of Practice of Landscape Architecture
o Constructed landscapes that were "picturesque" (wild, dark, coniferous,
masculine) and "beautiful" (pastoral, light, feminine, deciduous)
• Picturesque vs. Beautiful - ANS o "picturesque" (wild, dark, coniferous,
masculine)
o "beautiful" (pastoral, light, feminine, deciduous)
, • Frederick Law Olmsted - ANS o Designed Central Park in NYC 1857
o Thought of nature as an escape from the anxious, stressful, crowded urban life
o Designed park to be organic and curvy (contrast with grid-like city)
o Designed Ideal Suburb in Riverside, Illinois
Curvy streets, large lots, gardens, commute to work
Access to the city while staying in the beautiful picturesque areas
• Mabel Osgood Wright - ANS o Founder of Connecticut Audubon Society
o Garden of a Communter's Wife - gendered ideals of domesticated suburban
areas
o Convergence of romantic ideals with suburban life
• William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll - ANS o English garden writers
o Idea of more rustic picturesque plantings "cottage garden"
• Celia Thaxter - ANS o Island Garden
o Gendered celebration of gardening
o Women's role as nurturers of young life, flowers = fertility and feminine beauty,
sign of God's love
• Elizabeth Lawrence - ANS o Gardening for Love
o "market bulletins" served as seed/plant exchange - interest in gardening ranged
across class boundaries
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79079 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now