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2024 NUR 376 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 376 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 376 PATHOPHYSIOLOGYEXAM 1 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What condition may result in hyperkalemia? - CORRECT-ANSWERSMetabolic
acidosis
A child ingests bicarbonate. What compensatory mechanisms would occur? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS-Reabsorption of H+ ions
-Decreased ventilation to combat the alkalosis
-Increased bicarbonate secretion
Respiratory acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSA drop in blood pH due to
hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of Co2.
Respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSArise in blood pH due to
hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease in CO2.
Arterial blood gases initially reveal pH of 7.50. Over time, the pH is reduced
to 7.44. Which of the following would describe the pulmonary compensation
that developed? - CORRECT-ANSWERSVentilation was reduced, enabling pH
to return to normal.
Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now
competes in long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an
endurance athlete who is in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram
reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What cellular change or injury that
is best exemplified by the case scenario. - CORRECT-ANSWERSPhysiologic
hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise,
whereby the heart will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and
there is increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the
muscle.
Recently, Karen learned that not only does HIV directly attack CD4 cells, but
the presence of the virus seems to activate pathways responsible for
programmed cell death in CD4 cells. Thus, HIV infection appears to increase
the rate of "suicide" for CD4 cells. - CORRECT-ANSWERSApoptosis
A patient presents with hyperkalemia. When a nursing student is asked the
possible causes of elevated potassium, which of his responses are correct?
, -Addisons disease
-Diuretic therapy
-Metabolic acidosis
-Laxative abuse
-Renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSA, C, D
Addison's disease causes reduced aldosterone levels, which causes reduced
potassium.
In metabolic acidosis, H+ ions shift INTO the cells and K+ moves out of cells
into the plasma.
When the kidneys fail, potassium secretion declines.
--> Laxatives cause loss of potassium and diuretics usually cause
hypokalemia.
Define dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSCompared to normal cells, cells
demonstrating dysplasia are atypical in size and shape. Dysplasia does not
mean the cells are cancerous. However, some screening tests, such as the
Pap smear, examine tissues to determine if any cellular changes are taking
place. Any changes in the cells can then be monitored over time.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy
results revealed proliferating cells that were well-differentiated and
resembled surrounding cells. The cells were contained within a well-defined
area. - CORRECT-ANSWERSBenign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. The mass of tissue
resulting is known as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the cells do not
have the characteristics associated with malignancy. The cells, although
cancerous, are well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal, mature
cells. The cells are also in a contained area and are unlikely to spread.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant blockage in his left descending
coronary artery. The blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those
cells served by the artery. - CORRECT-ANSWERSNecrosis
Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury. Necrosis differs from
apoptosis, in that the cellular destruction results from some form of trauma,
rather than genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is when
dead tissue houses bacteria.
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