AC-HPAT Biology: Questions and Verified Solutions
2024
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - Answer- The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it plays a
major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make
enough or any insulin.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - Answer- Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic
the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously (basal
rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
fluid mosaic model - Answer- model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that
make up a cell membrane
Effect of qualitative factors on rate of diffusion of molecules across a plasma membrane? - Answer- The
higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more
quickly.
Structure and function of carbohydrate - Answer- sugars and starches that the body uses for energy.
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are the tree main types of carbohydrates - Answer- 1. Monosaccharides - simple sugars ( ie glucose,
6 carbon, fructose and galactose) 2. Disaccharides which are double sugars ( ie sucrose, maltose, lactose)
(consist of two monosaccharides bonded together through a dehydration synthesis reaction [ results in
loss of water molecule] ) 3. Polysaccharides which are complex sugars ( many monosaccharides bonded
together) ( starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
chemotherapy - Answer- Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-
growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and
multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as
cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your
body. But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and
bone marrow.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - Answer- Stem cell
transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your doctor
,can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective
against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the
recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering
from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous tumours? -
Answer- Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less damage to normal
tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy,
operations are usually shorter.
Macromolecules - Answer- A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
passive transport - Answer- the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of
energy by the cell (diffusion)
active transport - Answer- Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
catalyst - Answer- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Structure and function of protein - Answer- made from many amino acids connected together in different
arrangements, provide the building materials your body needs to grow and repair itself
Enzymes - Answer- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( act as catalysts)
Urinary system - Answer- · The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists
of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste
from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites,
and regulate blood pH
Nanotechnology - Answer- Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related
molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small
percentage of cells.
,Mercury poisoning - Answer- The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming too
much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury
are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your health. Too much mercury,
however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and
can cause severe kidney damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts
inflict little neurological damage without continuous or heavy exposure.
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - Answer- UV rays may lead to
macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays,
may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, the part of the
eye that focuses the light we see.
Macromolecules - Answer- Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently
connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules.
Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming a polymer.
passive transport - Answer- Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular
substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not
require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in
entropy.
Structure and function of Lipids - Answer- Store energy. Consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. Do not dissolve in water, because they are non polar ( electrons are shared equally in the
molecule )
-Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated.
-Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-unsaturated.
-Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated.
-Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g.
Lysosomes - Answer- An organelle containing digestive enzymes. Destroy pathogens (white blood cells)
Vacuoles - Answer- Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
, active transport - Answer- active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a
region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
catalyst - Answer- Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any permanent chemical change.
fluid mosaic model - Answer- describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components
—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid
character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell
type
Mitochondria - Answer- Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production.
Cellular respiration's occurs here
cell / plasma membrane - Answer- A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the
cell.
Ribosomes - Answer- site of protein synthesis
Effect of lead on nerve cells - Answer- Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this can cause
muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers examine these damaged
nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the axons are destroyed. These changes
prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - Answer- Reported symptoms include headaches,
anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date, scientific evidence does not
support a link between these symptoms and exposure to electromagnetic fields.
Carbohydrates function - Answer- Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth. Living
organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for structural support
inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and lipids, modifying structures to
enhance functionality.
