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Exam (elaborations)

2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

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  • Course
  • PATHO 370
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  • PATHO 370

2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

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  • August 18, 2024
  • 25
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • polycystic kidney disease
  • PATHO 370
  • PATHO 370
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Elitaa
2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What is sepsis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSresults from an inappropriate host
response to the presence of pathogens

What is septic shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERScommonly associated with gram
negative infections; gram positive bacteria and fungi are also important
causes of septic shock

What are the clinical manifestations of septic shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERSa
hyperdynamic state characterized by high cardiac output and warm
extremities; the patient is usually febrile and altered

Obstructuve Shock - CORRECT-ANSWERSdevelops when the heart is
prevented from pumping because of a mechanical obstruction of blood flow

What are the types of obstructive shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERSpulmonary
embolism, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, dissecting aortic
aneurysm

cardiogenic shock - CORRECT-ANSWERSprimarily a results of severe
dysfunction of the left, right, or both ventricles that results in inadequate
cardiac pumping

What are some examples of cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSmyocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease,
ventricular rupture, congenital heart defects, and papillary muscle rupture

What is a common sign of viral pneumonia? - CORRECT-ANSWERSdry cough

What is a risk factor for TB - CORRECT-ANSWERSimmunosupression

What are signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSproductive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on an xray

What organism causes TB? - CORRECT-ANSWERSMycobacterium tuberculosis

What is an x-ray finding of TB? - CORRECT-ANSWERSGhon tubercle


Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - CORRECT-ANSWERSflank
pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria

,What is the common composition of renal calculi? - CORRECT-
ANSWERScalcium crystals

polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT-ANSWERScondition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function

glomerulonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular
capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE

Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - CORRECT-ANSWERShematuria

What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSuric acid

Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinfection of the renal pelvis
usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring
or fibrosis

What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. coli

Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinfection of the renal pelvis that
has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated
with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis

clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSCVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia

clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSabdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia

what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSprodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase

clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - CORRECT-ANSWERSnormal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,

clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - CORRECT-ANSWERSoliguria,
decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)

clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSpostoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins
to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until
kidneys recover

, renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT-
ANSWERSelevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and
mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the
bones will begin to break down

anemia in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSkidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will
decrease the RBC count

What are some common causes of CKD? - CORRECT-ANSWERSdiabetes and
hypertension

What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSischemia
leads to acute tubular necrosis

What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal
disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSanemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral
disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome,
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease

what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? -
CORRECT-ANSWERShematuria

What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? - CORRECT-ANSWERSrecurrent
cystitis

Who is more prone to UTIs? - CORRECT-ANSWERSsexually active women

ureterocele - CORRECT-ANSWERScystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter

stress urinary incontinence - CORRECT-ANSWERSurine is involuntarily lost
with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the
pelvic muscles

what are some common causes of stress urinary incontinence? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSobesity, childbirth related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes

Urgency Urinary Incontinence - CORRECT-ANSWERSinvoluntary sudden
leakage of urine along with immediately feeling the need to urinate again;
caused by a weakening of the detrusor muscle

Cystitis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinflammation of the bladder lining

What are the causes of cystitis? - CORRECT-ANSWERScaused by infection,
chemical irritants, stones, or trauma

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