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2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 PATHO 370 FINAL EXAMWITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What is sepsis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSresults from an inappropriate host
response to the presence of pathogens
What is septic shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERScommonly associated with gram
negative infections; gram positive bacteria and fungi are also important
causes of septic shock
What are the clinical manifestations of septic shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERSa
hyperdynamic state characterized by high cardiac output and warm
extremities; the patient is usually febrile and altered
Obstructuve Shock - CORRECT-ANSWERSdevelops when the heart is
prevented from pumping because of a mechanical obstruction of blood flow
What are the types of obstructive shock? - CORRECT-ANSWERSpulmonary
embolism, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, dissecting aortic
aneurysm
cardiogenic shock - CORRECT-ANSWERSprimarily a results of severe
dysfunction of the left, right, or both ventricles that results in inadequate
cardiac pumping
What are some examples of cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSmyocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease,
ventricular rupture, congenital heart defects, and papillary muscle rupture
What is a common sign of viral pneumonia? - CORRECT-ANSWERSdry cough
What is a risk factor for TB - CORRECT-ANSWERSimmunosupression
What are signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSproductive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on an xray
What organism causes TB? - CORRECT-ANSWERSMycobacterium tuberculosis
What is an x-ray finding of TB? - CORRECT-ANSWERSGhon tubercle
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - CORRECT-ANSWERSflank
pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
,What is the common composition of renal calculi? - CORRECT-
ANSWERScalcium crystals
polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT-ANSWERScondition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
glomerulonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular
capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - CORRECT-ANSWERShematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSuric acid
Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinfection of the renal pelvis
usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring
or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinfection of the renal pelvis that
has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated
with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSCVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT-
ANSWERSabdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSprodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - CORRECT-ANSWERSnormal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - CORRECT-ANSWERSoliguria,
decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSpostoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins
to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until
kidneys recover
, renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT-
ANSWERSelevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and
mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the
bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSkidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will
decrease the RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD? - CORRECT-ANSWERSdiabetes and
hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSischemia
leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal
disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSanemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral
disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome,
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? -
CORRECT-ANSWERShematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? - CORRECT-ANSWERSrecurrent
cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs? - CORRECT-ANSWERSsexually active women
ureterocele - CORRECT-ANSWERScystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence - CORRECT-ANSWERSurine is involuntarily lost
with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the
pelvic muscles
what are some common causes of stress urinary incontinence? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSobesity, childbirth related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes
Urgency Urinary Incontinence - CORRECT-ANSWERSinvoluntary sudden
leakage of urine along with immediately feeling the need to urinate again;
caused by a weakening of the detrusor muscle
Cystitis - CORRECT-ANSWERSinflammation of the bladder lining
What are the causes of cystitis? - CORRECT-ANSWERScaused by infection,
chemical irritants, stones, or trauma
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