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BIOL 2113 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
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BIOL 2113 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
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BIOL 2113 FINAL EXAM REVIEWCh. 1 List the 6 levels of structural organization from least to most complex.
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal
Ch. 1 Chemical level
-atoms combined to form molecules
-level of organization that deals with single atoms or molecules
-a molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded
-two divisions: inorganic and organic
Ch. 1 Cellular level
-cells are made of molecules
-smallest living and functioning unit of life
-each cell is made of specific chemicals and compounds that perform a variety of
metabolic functions
Ch. 1 Tissue level
-consists of similar types of cells
-a tissue is a group of cells with similar structures and functions
-four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
Ch. 1 Organ level
-made up of different types of tissues
-a group of tissues precisely arranged to work together to carry out a specific function
-examples: kidneys, heart, and lungs
Ch. 1 Organ system level
-consists of different organs that work closely together
-a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
-examples: respiratory system, circulatory system
Ch. 1 Organismal level
-made up of the organ systems
-all of the organ systems work together to achieve a common goal
-all systems work together to ensure life
-examples: person, dog
Ch. 1 What is homeostasis?
,-the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, despite the fact
that the outside is constantly changing
-the "set point" at which the body tries to function
-when the body is unable to maintain homeostasis, a state of homeostatic imbalance
will exist
-maintained through a set of positive or negative feedback loops
Ch. 1 What is anatomical position? and why is it important?
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
it is the position for reference in A&P
Ch. 1 Describe the serous membranes of the body.
-parietal serosa: lines internal body walls
-visceral serosa: covers the internal organs
-serous fluid separates the serosae
Ch.14 Compare and contrast the somatic nervous system vs. the autonomic nervous
system
Both systems have motor fibers, but the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ
in: 1. their effectors, 2. their efferent pathways and ganglia, and 3. target organ
responses to their neurotransmitters
-SNS stimulates skeletal muscles, whereas, ANS innervates cardiac muscles, smooth
muscles, and glands
-SNS motor neuron cell bodies are in the CNS and their axons extend in spinal or
cranial nerves all the way to the skeletal muscles, whereas, ANS uses a two-neuron
chain to reach its effectors (pre and postganglionic neurons)
-all somatic motor neurons release ACH and the effect is always excitatory. autonomic
postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and ACH, the effect may be excitatory or
inhibitory
-higher brain centers regulate and coordinate both and most spinal nerves contain both
somatic and autonomic fibers
Ch. 14 Somatic nervous system
-composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to
skeletal muscles
-often referred to as the voluntary nervous system because it allows us to consciously
control our skeletal muscles
Ch.14 Autonomic Nervous System
-consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, and glands
, -also referred to as the involuntary/automatic nervous system
-divided into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Ch.14 Parasympathetic divison
-"feed and breed" "rest and digest" system
-keeps body energy as low as possible
-blood pressure and heart rate are regulated at low normal levels
-pupils are constricted
D division: digestion, defecation, and diuresis(urination)
Ch.14 Sympathetic Division
-"fight or flight" system
-rapidly pounding heart, deep breathing, dry mouth, sweaty skin, and dilated pupils
-constricts blood vessels, dilates the bronchioles in the lungs to increase air flow,
stimulates the liver to release more glucose into the blood
E division: excitement, emergency, embarrassment
Ch.14 Key anatomical differences between ANS divisions
-sites of origin: PS fibers are craniosacral. SP fibers are thoracolumbar
-relative lengths of their fibers: PS division has long preganglionic and short
postganglionic fibers. SP is the opposite
-location of their ganglia: most PS ganglia are located in/near the visceral effector
organs. SP ganglia lie close to the spinal cord
Ch. 14 what neurotransmitters are involved in the ANS?
-ACH from cholinergic fibers, which is released by all preganglionic neurons in the entire
ANS, as well as all postsynaptic neurons of the parasympathetic division
-Norepinephrine and epinephrine from adrenergic fibers, which is released by
postsynaptic neurons of the sympathetic division
Ch.14 All neurotransmitters released have corresponding receptors to which they bind:
-cholinergic receptors:
*nicotine receptors; found on motor end plates of skeletal muscle, on all ganglionic
neurons, and on hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla
*muscarinic receptors; found on all effector cells affected by postganglionic cholinergic
fibers, on some effector cells affected by postganglionic adrenergic fibers, and binding
can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor sub-class
-adrenergic receptors: divided into two major subgroups:
*alpha adrenergic: sub classes 1 and 2
*beta adrenergic: sub classes 1, 2, and 3
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