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COMD 5070 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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COMD 5070 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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COMD 5070 FINAL QUESTIONS WITHCOMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Twostypessofscoarticulations-sans--anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatorys(forward)scoarticulations-sans--
earlierssoundssaresinfluencedsbysaslaterssounds.s
ex:sspoonswhichscausess/s/stoslipsround.
Retentives(backward)scoarticulations-sans--laterssoundssaresinfluencedsbysansearliersone.
ex:snoscausess/o/stosbesnasalized.
Acousticsparameterssthatsmayschangeswhensaswordsissstressed:s-sans--
fundamentalsfrequency
intensity
duration
relaxedsvssclearsspeechs-sans--
Wesadjustshowsmuchsarticulatoryseffortswesuse,sdependingsonsthescircumstances.sWhensy
ou'resinsascircumstanceswithsminimalsnoise,syousmaysbesablestosminimizesyoursenergysexp
endituresbysspeakingscasually.sHowever,sifsyou'restalkingstossomeoneswithsashearingsimpa
irmentsorsaresinsasnoisysenvironmentsandsneedstosbesunderstood,syoustendstosadjuststhesef
fortslevelsupwardsandsarticulateswithsmuchsgreatersforcesandseffort.s
hyper-sandshypo-
articulatesspeechsaresdifferent,sandsclearsspeechsinvolvesslongerssegmentsdurationssassas
resultsofstryingstosbesreallysclear,swhereassmorescasualsspeechsinvolvessarticulatorysunder
shoot.s
Insconclusion,srelaxedsspeechsinvolvessarticulatorysundershootsandsclearsspeechsinvolve
sslongerssegmentsdurationssandsreleasedsstopssduestosemphasissandstryingstosbesclearsw
hensspeaking.
Hypernasalitys(howsdosperceptualsseveritysrelatesstosphysiology)s-sans--
Perceptualsseveritiessofsnasalizationsrelatestosphysiology,sbecausesitsissdisorderedsbecau
sesitscansbesasresultsofslinkedsnasalsandsoralscavity.sThesnasalscavitystendsstoshavesasdam
pingseffectsandscansinfluencesthesclaritysofsasvowelsthat'ssbeingsproduced.sThississbecause
sthesnasalscavitysactssassansantisresonance,swhichsdampssthesothersformants.
NasalsairsFlows(duringswhichssoundswouldsitsbeshighsorslow)s-sans--lowsforsvowels
nearszerosforspressuresconsonants.sIfstheresissflowsduringsconsonantssthisscouldsindicatesl
eakage.
, Measuringsnasalances(whatsinstrumentsquantifiessthis)s-sans--nasometer
Itsreliessonsacousticsnasometrysbutsmaysincludesaerodynamicsmeasuressasswell.sLookssat
snasalsairflowsoverstime.sItscomesswithsassoftwareswhichswillsallowsforsquantifyingsmeasure
ssofsnasalance.s
Example:sOroNasalsMasksSystemsfromsascompanyscalledsGlottalsEnterprises.
AcousticsNasometrys(howsdoessitsworksconceptually)s-sans--
youshavestwosmicrophones.sOnesisssetsabovesthesdividersplate,sandsonesbelow.sThissdivid
ersplatesisssetsonsthesfrontsofsthesperson'ssfacessositssitssabovesthesperson'ssupperslipsands
belowsthesnose.sSosonesofsthesmicrophonesspickssupsenergysthatscomessbelowsthesmouth
,sandsthesotherspickssupsenergysthatscomessfromsthesnose.sThesrelativesproportionssofsthes
energysfromsthesestwosmicrophonesscansbesrepresentedsassnasalance.sThississusefulsinsc
linicalsassessmentssbecausesyouscansdeterminesifsaspersonsfallsswithinsnormalslimitssforsn
asalancesforsasgivensutterance.sItscansalsosbesusedstosprovidesfeedbacksduringstherapysso
sthespersonscansseeshowsthey'resmanagingsthesoralsnasalsbalancesofsspeechsproduction.
EMGs-sans--usedstosstudyselectricalsactivitysinsmuscles.
Whatsinnervatessmuscles?s-sans--motorsneurons
Whatsdoessasmotorsneuronsconsistsof?s-sans--motorsneuron
fewsorsmanysmusclesfibers
Whatscausesscontractionsofsmuscles?s-sans--electricalsstimulation
SurfacesElectrodess-sans--
measureslargersmuscles.sLesssinvasivesduestosmanysmusclesfiberssfiringsatsthessamestime
.sMustshavessignalsamplifiedstosboostssignal.
IntramuscularsElectrodess-sans--
measuressfinesdetail,sbutsrequiressyouspokingstheselectrodesintosthesbellysofsthesmusclesso
syouscansmeasurestheselectricalsactivitysinsidesit.
Wheresdoessthessignalscomesfrom?s(EMG)s-sans--
signalssoriginatesfromsCNSsandsmaysrevealsdetailssofsneuralscontrol.
Musclescontractionsfollowssneuralsstimulation.sBrainssendssimpulsesdownsaxonstosmuscles
fiber,scausesstoscontractswhensstimulated.sElectricalsactivitysmeasuredsduringscontractings
&smeasuredswithsEMGsreflectssactivitysofsmuscle.sElectricalsimpulsessgeneratedsinsmuscl
esswhenscontractsreallysveryssmall,ssosimportantstoshavesveryspowerfulsamplifierssinsorders
tosmakessignalssstrongsenoughstosrecordeds&sanalyzedswspcssoftware.
WhatsdoessEMGsdatasreveal?s-sans--Detailssaboutsmotorscontrol.
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