Summary
Summary Bio 182 Exam 4 Study guide
- Course
- BIO 182
- Institution
- Grand Canyon University
This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on exam 4 for bio 182. * Essential!! *For you!!
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Chapter 51 - Animal BehaviorDefine
Proximate causation how behavior occurs/is modified, Tinbergen 1. What stimulus elicits behavior, what physiological
mechanisms mediate response? 2. How does animal’s growth + development experiences influence response?
Ultimate causation why behavior occurs in context of natural selection, Tinbergen 3. How does behavior aid survival +
reproduction? 4. What is behavior’s evolutionary history?
Fixed action pattern sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to simple stimulus, unchangeable, usually done to
completion, triggered by sign stimulus external cue, ex. Male stickleback fish red stimulus
Why migration occurs, influence of biological rhythms on behavior
Migration regular long-distance location change, animals orient themselves using sun position, circadian clock, North
Star, Earth’s magnetic field
Behavioral rhythms migration + reproduction linked to seasons change, daylight + darkness, lunar cycles (tides)
Four common modes of animal communication, pheromones
Signal behavior causing change in another’s behavior Communication transmission + reception of signals
Visual, tactile, chemical, auditory ex. Visual -> tactile -> auditory fruit fly courtship, honeybees dance to signal food
locations
Pheromones chemical substances for odor/taste communication, ex. Female moths attracting males, honeybee queen
affects females + drones, minnow + catfish fear alarm
How behavior is influenced by learning/experience
Imprinting establishing long-lasting behavioral response to specific individual/object, occurs in specific sensitive period
of development, parents will otherwise reject child, ex. Many species of waterfowl have no innate “mother” recognition,
identify w/ 1st object matching certain characteristics, greylag geese imprint w/ any nearby object moving away
Spatial learning behavior modification based on experiences w/ environment’s spacial structure, ex. Digger wasps use
landmarks to find nest entrances Cognitive map internal representation of object spatial relationships, ex. Clark’s
nutcrackers find food between landmarks
Associative learning associate 1 feature of environment w/ another, ex. Blue jay avoids butterflies after bad monarch
Classical conditioning arbitrary stimulus associated w/ reward/punishment, ex. Pavlov’s dogs salivating at bell ring
Operant conditioning animal learns to associate 1 behavior w/ reward/punishment, ex. Rat presses lever for food
Cognition knowing, awareness/reasoning/recollection/judgment, exhibited by more than primates + marine mammals
Problem solving devising strategy to overcome obstacle, highly developed in mammals + some birds
Social learning observing others to learn Culture information transfer through observation/teaching, influences
behavior, alters fitness, ex. Chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts w/ stones from older chimps
Explanations for foraging behavior
Foraging food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing + eating food, may stay close or go far
Optimal foraging model compromise between nutrition benefits + cost of obtaining food (energy spent, danger)
Balance risk + reward ex. Mule deer feed in open areas despite food everywhere, mountain lions kill more in forest
How mating systems + parental care influence mating behavior
Promiscuous no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships Monogamous 1 male 1 female, similar external
morphologies Polygamous polygynous/polyandrous, sexually dimorphic
Needs of young constrain mating, needy -> monogamy, independent -> polygyny, maximize reproductive success
Methods of choosing mates
Intersexual selection choose mates on basis of certain traits Intrasexual selection competition between same sex for
mates, reduce mate variation
Female choice intersexual, choose males w/ specific behaviors/anatomical features, may choose based on parent features
(if father had characteristic, female offspring desires male with same characteristic)
Mate-choice copying individuals copy mate choice of others, increase attractiveness of offspring to opposite sex
Agonistic behavior intrasexual, ritualized contest determining competitor access to resource
Fitness of phenotype depends on phenotypes in population
Game theory alternative strategies, outcome depends on ea. individual’s strategy + strategies of others
Influences of evolutionary behavior
Genetic variation underlies evolution of behaviors
Selfish maximizes individual survival + reproduction Altruism reduce individual fitness to increase others’ fitness
Inclusive fitness individual proliferates its genes by reproducing, and/or helping close relatives to reproduce
Chapter 52 - Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Six levels of ecological research
Organismal organism’s structure/physiology/behavior meets environmental challenges, includes
physiological/evolutionary/behavioral ecology
Population same species group in area, focuses on population size factors over time
Community group of populations of dif. species, effect of interspecific interactions on community structure/organization
Ecosystem community of organisms + physical interacting factors, emphasizes energy flow + chemical cycling among
abiotic + biotic elements
, Landscape mosaic of connected ecosystems, focuses on energy/materials/organisms exchange across multiple systems
Global influence of energy + materials on organisms across biosphere global ecosystem, sum of all ecosystems
Global effects of latitudinal variation, air circulation/precipitation patterns on climate
Global climate patterns determined by solar energy, Earth’s movement in space, sun causes temp variations, drives
water cycle, latitudinal climate variations
Air circulation + precipitation water evaporates in tropics, warm wet air masses flow from tropics toward poles, rising
air masses in tropics release water -> high precipitation, dry descending air masses create arid climates, cooling trade
winds blow E->W in tropics, prevailing westerlies W->E in temperate zones
Climate affected by...
Seasonality variations increase toward poles, axis tilt + journey around sun, changing sun angle, changing winds affect
ocean currents
Bodies of water currents towards equator carry cold water from poles, away from equator carry warm water to poles
Mountains rising air releases moisture on windward peak side,
creates rain shadow absorbing moisture from leeward side, south
facing slopes receive more sunlight in N. Hemisphere
Terrestrial biomes
Biome major life zones characterized by vegetation/environment
Terrestrial biomes often named for major physical/climatic factors
or vegetation, grade into one another through ecotones, vertical
layering provides for diverse habitats
Tropical forest equatorial/subequatorial regions, rainforests
w/ constant rainfall, dry forests w/ seasonal precipitation,
high temps year round (25-29℃), vertically layered,
intense competition for light, millions of animal species
Desert bands near 30° N+S & near continent interiors, low highly
variable precipitation, variable temperature, desert plant
adaptations (against desiccation, water loss, high heat), many
animals nocturnal
Savannah equatorial/subequatorial regions, seasonal precipitation, 8-9 month dry seasons, 24-29℃
average, grasses + forbs, fire adapted + drought tolerant
Chaparral midlatitude coastal regions, rainy winters + dry summers, hot summers 30℃+, 10-12℃ through
other seasons, fire + drought adaptations
Temperate grassland found on many continents, seasonal precipitation, winters cold (below -10℃) + dry,
summers hot (30℃) + wet, droughts + fire, farmland
Northern coniferous forest (taiga) largest terrestrial biome, varied precipitation, cold winters, hot
summers, -50℃ to 20℃, conifer shape prevents snow buildup from collapsing the branches
Temperate broadleaf forest midlatitudes in N. Hemisphere, all seasons precipitation, winters 0℃, summers
hot + humid near 35℃, vertical layers (canopy, understory, shrub, herb)
Tundra Arctic + alpine, low precipitation in Arctic + higher in alpine, winters <-30℃, summers <10℃,
herbaceous, permafrost restricts root growth
Zonation in aquatic biomes
Aquatic biomes less latitudinal variation than terrestrial, marine w/ 3% salt, oceans cover 75% Earth’s surface,
freshwater <0.1% salt, close terrestrial links
Photic zone light for photosynthesis, most organisms here Aphotic zone receives little light Pelagic zone photic +
aphotic Abyssal zone deep in aphotic, 2k-6k m in depth
Benthic zone organic + inorganic sediment at bottoms Benthos invertebrates, organism communities at bottom
Detritus dead organic matter, falls from productive surface, food source
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