This is the notes of chapter 1 of biology federal board class 11th.I study in punjab college in pakistan,so the punjab college have the very great teachers so i made these notes by taking leactures from them
BIOLOGY class 11th Federal board
chapter:1
cell and sub-cellular organelles
Movement:
Animals shows movement internally or externally.
Respiration:
Livings things use substances from environment to make energy.
Homeostasis:
living things mantain stable internal environment.
Growth:
Livings things can move and they change in size and shape.
Reproduction:
living things can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Excretion:
Living things excrete waste substances from their body.
Nutrition;
Living things exchange materials and gases with the environment.
TOPIC 1.2(Cell Theory):
In 1665,Robert Hooke first observed the cell.
POSTULATES of cell theory:
1.All living things are made up of cells.
2.Cell is the basic unit of life.
3.cell arises from pre existing cells.
VALIDATION in cell theory:
1.cell can survive independently for a short period of time when removed from
tissue.
2.Cell organelles cannot survive independently.
3.cells cannot grow in sealed and sterile condition.
Note:cells like viruses,RBCs,and phloem doesnot follow cell theory.
TOPIC 1.5(Cell wall):
1.Cell wall is the outer most boundary.
2.It is only present in the plants,bacteria,and fungi.
3.cell wall is made up of cellulose fibres,which is structured like criss cross
manner.
4.The chemical composition of cell wall is Ca,Mg,pectic
substances,hemicellulose,etc.
There are three types of cell wall:
.middle lamela
.primary cell wall
.secondary cell wall
TOPIC 1.5.2(Plasma membrane):
1.Plasma membrane also called semi permeable membrane,partial membrane,or cell
membrane.
2.The chemical composition of cell membrane is that it is consist of 20-40% of
lipids,60-80% of
proteins,Carbohydrates,Cytoskeleton filaments.
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