PCCN EXAM 2024-2025 NEWEST VERSION !!! ACTUAL COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS )
ALREADY GRADED A+.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system - ANSWER -to drive
O2 to the cell so that the cell can make ATP for energy production
What is the formula for CARDIAC OUTPUT - ANSWER -Stroke volume
x Heart Rate
CO = HR X SV ( Preload + Afterload + Contractility)
What is the term for the amount of blood that is pumped out of the
ventricle each MINUTE? - ANSWER -Cardiac Output ( approximately 4
- 8 LPM )
What is the term for the amount of blood that is pumped out of the
ventricle each BEAT? - ANSWER -Stroke Volume
What is the term for the number of contractions / minute? - ANSWER -
Heart Rate
IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS TO KNOW - ANSWER -1. CO
DECREASED -> HR INCREASES ( to maintain adequate stroke volume
)
2. CO INCREASED -> HR DECREASES ( as stroke volume decreases )
,3. HR DECREASED -> SV DECREASES and CO DECREASES
4. HR INCREASES ( > 150 ) -> SV DECREASES and CO DECREASES
5. SV DECREASES -> CO DECREASES and HR INCREASES
6. SV INCREASES -> CO INCREASES and HR DECREASES
What is the term for the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle per
minute adjusted for body size - ANSWER -Cardiac Index
What is a normal cardiac index? - ANSWER -Normal = 2.5 to 4.4
L/min/m2
**Always utilize CI values on exam (especially for bigger patients)
What is a normal amount (mL/beat) for stroke volume? - ANSWER -60
to 100 mL
What is the term for the end-diastolic volume stretching the ventricle?
- ANSWER -Preload
( increased fluid = increased stroke volume )
What is the term for the pressure that the ventricle must OVERCOME
in order to eject blood into the circulatory system? - ANSWER -
Afterload
,What is the term for the inotropic state the cardiac muscle - ANSWER
-Contractility
(how well the heart is contracted)
Preload is the function of which part of the circulatory system? -
ANSWER -VEINS
FUNCTION OF VEINS = PRELOAD
What is the RIGHT VENTRICLE PRELOAD assessed by? - ANSWER -
CVP (Central venous pressure)
(Normal is approx. 2 - 8 mmhg)
What is a normal central venous pressure ? - ANSWER -
Approximately 2 - 8 mmhg
What is the LEFT VENTRICLE PRELOAD assessed by? - ANSWER
PAOP (Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure) / PAW pulmonary artery
wedge pressure
-Swans ganns in placed wedge pressure (PA)
What are the signs and symptoms of an altered preload? - ANSWER -
1. Dehydration (decreased preload)
, 2. Fluid overload (increased preload)
What are some causes of a low preload? - ANSWER -1. Hemorrhage
2. Dehydration
3. Burns
4. Over-diuresis
5. Third spacing (fluid moving into spaces they shouldn't be)
What are some causes of high preload? - ANSWER -1. Hypervolemia
2. Heart failure
3. Renal failure
4. Pulmonary HTN
5. Tamponade
6. Tension pneumothorax
(most likely seen in right ventricle preload)
What are the venous dilating drugs? - ANSWER -1. NITRO (given to
drop preload)
2. ACE I/ARB
3. Ca-Channel blocker
Which venous dilating drug is given to drop the preload amount? -
ANSWER -Nitro
What are some causes that can alter the vascular space? - ANSWER -
1. Sepsis
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