EXAM STUDY MATERIALS 8/7/2024 11:29 AM
PBSI 209- Exam 1 Questions With
Correct Answers
What is the operational definition of culture? - answerA set of meanings or information that
is non-genetically transmitted from one individual to another, which is more or less shared
within a population (o...
What is the operational definition of culture? - answer✔✔A set of meanings or information that
is non-genetically transmitted from one individual to another, which is more or less shared
within a population (or a group), and endures for some generations
When do people realize culture? - answer✔✔- When someone from a different culture does
something that we find hard to understand
- When we encounter something unusual or unexplainable
How does culture influence people? - answer✔✔Influences and shapes people's behaviors but
also plays a significant role in shaping their cognition
What factors accelerate the complexity of culture? - answer✔✔- Development of Epistemology
(words to describe ways of knowing)
- Moore's Law (Humans have evolved over a long period of time)
- Fellow creatures' development and needs (confine their activities to immediate needs)
- Evolution in human culture (from sticks and stones to airplanes and internet)
What is the social brain hypothesis? - answer✔✔
How is a bigger brain related to the formation of culture? - answer✔✔
What is Theory of Mind? - answer✔✔Our cognitive awareness of our individual selves and
others
How is the Theory of Mind related to the formation of culture? - answer✔✔
Why should we study culture? - answer✔✔- Globalization
- Changing technology
- Changing population demographics
What is social transmission? - answer✔✔- Repeated learning by new individuals from
generation to generation, and fuels both continuity and change
, EXAM STUDY MATERIALS 8/7/2024 11:29 AM
- learning and reproducing
What is social learning? - answer✔✔Acquisition of information or skills by new individuals,
typically transmitted between related individuals of the same species
What is imitation? - answer✔✔- Learner copies the actions of the demonstrator as exact as
possible, whether the action is relevant or not
- Occurs with or without awareness of participation of the individual that is modeling the
behavior
What is emulation? - answer✔✔- Action leads to consequential results, with less accurate
replication of specific motions
- Happens with or without the awareness or participation of the individual providing the model
behavior
- Requires a higher level of cognitive understanding and problem-solving skills
What is teaching? - answer✔✔Happens when a more experienced actor intentionally conveys
knowledge or skill to a less experienced one
How are mirror neurons related to social learning? - answer✔✔All three forms (imitation,
emulation, and teaching) involve mirror neurons
- A special class of neurons found in primates, including humans, that activate in sympathy to
observe actions
What is social diffusion? - answer✔✔
What is overimitation and why do humans have this strange tendency? - answer✔✔
How is overimitation related to humans' complex culture? - answer✔✔
What are the differences between tradition and culture? - answer✔✔- Tradition: A distinctive
behavior pattern shared by two or more individuals in a social unit, which persists over time and
that new practitioners acquire in part through socially aided learning
- Culture: Multiple traditions in different domains required for a minimal definition of culture
What is the Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis? - answer✔✔1. Intelligence is manifested in
social life
2. Complex society selects for enhanced intelligence
3. Complex society shapes the forms intelligence takes
What is the ratchet effect? - answer✔✔
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