HEART FAILURE ACTUAL EXAM 2024 WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS/A+ GRADED
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HEART FAILURE ACTUAL
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HEART FAILURE ACTUAL
1. Determinants of. cardiac output?: Contractility, preload, afterload, stoke volume, cardiac output and heart rate
2. cardiac output equation:: CO=HRxSV
3. what is heart failure?: chronic progressive condition in which the heart is unable
to meet the blood and oxygen demands of the body.
4. i...
HEART FAILURE ACTUAL EXAM 2024 WITH QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS/A+ GRADED
1. Determinants of. cardiac output?: Contractility, preload, afterload, stoke vol-
ume, cardiac output and heart rate
2. cardiac output equation:: CO=HRxSV
3. what is heart failure?: chronic progressive condition in which the heart is unable
to meet the blood and oxygen demands of the body.
4. iontropic state means: the amount of calcium in the contractility of the heart
5. what is afterload dependent upon?: force the heart must over come to expel
the blood:
systemic vascular resistance
6. what resistance is the force of afterload dependent upon: vascular resistance:
arterial
7. what are the major factors determining preload?: amount of pressure when
the heart is filling with blood
or priming of the pump
8. what pressure determines preload?: pressure in veins and blood volume
9. Vasoconstrion of the veins means what to preload?: preload increases
10. If preload gets too high:: pulmonary congestion
11. how do you normally fix pulmonary congestion (abnormally high preload)-
: diuretics
12. What is heart rate dependent on?: sympathetic (increase) and parasympa-
thetic (slows)
13. Heart Failure Pathophysiology: decreased amount of blood being circulated
to the body so the heart attempts to compensate by:
-increasing the rate of contractions
-increasing size & strength of ventricular muscle to force blood out of ventricle
-increasing capacity of the ventricle to increase volume of blood
14. Heart failure with reduced refraction has what ventricles?: enlarged left
ventricle
15. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has what ventricles?: stiff
ventricles that fill with less blood than normal
16. HRpEF characteristics of patients:: older, females, hypertension, DM, CAD,
Renal failure, obesity, AF, chronic lung disease
17. HFrEF characteristics of patients:: younger, males, hypertension, DM,
CAD/MI
18. Etiology of heart failure:: CAD, MI, HTN, Abnormal heart valves, heart muscle
disease, heart defects, inflammation, sever lung disease, DM, obesity
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, 19. compensatory mechanisms sympathetic nervous system: baroceptosr dys-
function: sends signal to vasomotor center: increase in sympathetic activity and
increase HR
20. as preload increases what happens to cardiac output?: increases: pul-
monary congestion as a result
21. cardiac remodeling in HF: The wall of the left ventricle thickens and enlarges
in an attempt to compensate for the increased workload.
22. Diagnosis algorithm for heart failure:: assessment:
natriuretic peptide
transthoracic echocardiography
HF diagnosis confirmed determine (HFrEF, HRmrEF, HFpEF)
23. what are assessments used for diagnosis of heart failure?: clinical history
physical examination
ECG, Labs
24. what is natriuretic peptide: NT. pro BNP >125 pg/mL
BNP >/= 35 pg/mL
25. what is transthoracic echocardiography?: A noninvasive ultrasound test that
is used to measure the ejection fraction and examine the size, shape and motion of
cardiac structures. Especially useful for diagnosing pericardial effusions, determine
chamber size and the etiology of heart murmurs, evaluating the function of heart
valves and evaluating ventricular wall motion
26. BNP levels rising indicates what?: heart failure is progressing or marker to
determine if medication is sucessful
27. stage A is what: at risk for heart failure: patients with HTN, DM, obesity,
exposure to cardiotoxic agents, genetic variant for cardiomyopathy, family history
of cardiomyopathy
28. Stage B is what?: pre-heart failure: patients without current or previous symp-
toms/ signs of HF but evidence of:
- structural heart disease
- evidence of increased filling pressures
- risk factors: increased natriuretic peptide levels or persistently elevated cardiac
troponin in the absence of competing diagnoses
29. what is stage C HF?: symptomatic HF: current signs or symptoms of HF
30. What is stage D HF?: -advanced HF
-marked HF symptoms that interfere with daily life and with recurrent hospitalizations
despite attempts to optimize GDMT
31. what is drug of choice for HF without contraindications?: ARNI
32. HFrEF drugs include:: ARNI, ACE/ARB, BB, MRA, SGLT2i, Diuretics as need-
ed
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