Cardiac output (CO) cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute. Cardiac output is directly related to heart rate and stroke volume, normally 5.25 L/min CO = HR x SV
End diastolic volume (EDV) volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole - one of the variables...
Bio 436 Final Exam Questions and
Correct Answers
Cardiac output (CO) ✅cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each
ventricle in one minute. Cardiac output is directly related to heart rate and stroke
volume, normally 5.25 L/min
CO = HR x SV
End diastolic volume (EDV) ✅volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole
- one of the variables that go into SV
Stroke volume (SV) ✅the amount of blood pumped/ejected by each ventricle with each
heartbeat, averaging 70 ml per beat in the adult at rest
3 variables:
- EDV
- Total peripheral resistance
- contractility
End systolic volume (ESV) ✅the amount of blood left after ventricular ejection
- normally around 65 ml
Myocardium ✅heart muscles...left side has more than right side
Semilunar valve ✅what makes the "dub" sound, valves before the pulmonary and
systemic circuit
Bicuspid/mitral valve ✅valve that is in-between the left atria and left ventricle
- partially responsible for the "lub" sound
Tricuspid valve ✅valve that is in-between the right atria and right ventricle
- partially responsible for the "lub" sound
Cardiac cycle ✅physical and mechanical events that happen in the heart
- is controlled by the electrical events
Ventricular systole ✅- contraction of the ventricles
Events include:
- EDV
- isometric ventricular contraction
- ventricular ejection
- ESV
, Isovolumetric contraction ✅a defined volume of blood within the ventricles that we are
contracting against
- first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create
enough pressure to open semilunar valve
"LUB"
Isovolumetric relaxation ✅as ventricle relax pressure in ventricles drops, blood flows
back into cups of semilunar valves and snaps them closed
"DUB"
Ventricular ejection ✅as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the
arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
- only about 60%
Pulmonary artery ✅vessel that leads to the lungs from the right ventricles
Pulmonary vein ✅vessel that connects the lungs back into the heart, left atrium
Frank-starling law of the heart ✅The more you fill the ventricles, the more will be
pumped out without altering anything to the heart
- a length-tension relationship
Venous return ✅the flow of blood back to the heart via veins
- at any one point in time we have 70% of blood in veins
- controls EDV & thus SV and CO
Resistance vessels ✅is small diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that
contributes significantly to the creation of the resistance to flow and regulation of blood
flow
Vasoconstriction ✅vessels decreasing the diameter of the lumen (more contact of fluid
with wall)
- greater resistance
- greater pressure
Vasodilation ✅vessels increasing the diameter of the lumen (less contact of fluid with
wall)
- less resistance
- less pressure
Capacitance vessels ✅vessels that are very compliant, very stretchy & hold a lot of
blood
- contributes to venous return
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