STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
STRUCTURAL the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining
the extent of space between two supports of a structure. 18. Lateral buckling stresses acting on slender portion insufficiently rigid in the 35. Suspended-span spans with pinned construction joints at points of zero
1. span lateral direction moment.
Also, the structure so supported
The distance between the inner faces of the supports of a 19. Wide flange The most commonly used shape for beams and columns The part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop
2. Clear span The tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the greater moment resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be
span
20. Principal stress interaction of bending and shear stresses at a cross section 36. Haunch increased by shaping its length in response to the moment
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The center-to-center distance between the supports of a
3. effective span of a beam. and shear values, which typically vary along its longitudinal
span
A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the axis
4. Beam 21. Stress trajectories
principal stresses in a beam. a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a
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transverse loads across space to supporting elements 37. Negative moment
An external moment tending to cause part of a structure to The point in the cross-sectional plane of a structural member section of a structure
5. Bending moment rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the moments through which a transverse load must pass in order to A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex
22. Shear center 38. Inflection point
about the neutral axis of the section under consideration. prevent torsion or twisting of the member about a to convex or vise versa as it deflects under a transverse load
An internal moment equal and opposite to a bending longitudinal axis. a bending moment that produces a concave curvature at a
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39. Positive moment
6. Resisting moment moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the section of a structure
of the section being considered. 23. Shear diagram external shears present in a structure for a given set of A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically downward
40. Negative shear
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates transverse loads and support conditions. on the left part of the structure being considered.
from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on
41. Positive shear
le
7. Deflection load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the bending moment present in a structure for a given set of the left part of the structure being considered.
moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity 24. Moment diagram transverse load and support conditions. The overall work done at a site in preparation for a construction project,
42. sitework
of the material. deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often such as excavation, sheeting, shoring, and grading
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross be inferred from the shape of its moment diagram the geographical location of a construction project, usually
43. site
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8. neutral axis section of a beam or other member subject to bending, along Concentrated produce bending moments which vary linearly between defined by legal boundaries
25.
which no bending stresses occur. loads loads one of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a
44. property line
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses Uniformly Loads acting over a considerate length of the beams or parcel of land. Also called lot line
26.
developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist distributed loads distributed over the entirety of the span. (N/m) a legal right held by specified persons or the public to make
9. bending stress 45. easement
a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its limited use of the land of another, such as a right-of-way.
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further from the neutral axis 27. Cantilever supporting post or wall; a projection supported only at one the unauthorized extension of a building, or part thereof, on
end 46. encroachment
a slight convex curvature intentionally build into a beam, the property or domain of another.
10. camber A beam resting on a simple supports at both ends, which are
girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection the minimum required distance from every structure to the
a shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member free to rotate and have no moment resistance. As with any property lines of a lot, established by a zoning ordinance to
28. Simple beam statically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, 47. setback
provide for air, light, solar access, fire separation, and
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11. transverse shear subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse
forces on one side of the section shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of privacy
the shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along its cross-sectional shape and material. a depression in a curb providing vehicular access from a
48. curb cut
12.
horizontal
shearing stress
Vertical shearing
horizontal planes of a beam under transverse loading. Equal
at any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also
called longitudinal shearing stress.
The shearing stress developed along a section of a beam to
resit transverse shear, having a maximum value at the
ct
29.
30.
Cantilever beam a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
Overhanging
beam
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. it
reduces the positive moment at midspan while developing a
negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the
support
49. contract limit
street to a driveway on private property.
a perimeter line established on the drawings or elsewhere in
the contract documents defining the boundaries of the site
available to the contractor for construction purposes.
waste earth and rock overlying a useful mineral deposit,
te
13. Double
stress neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer 31. a simple beam extending beyond both of its supports. 50. overburden bedrock, on a deposit of sand, gravel, or rock needed for
faces overhanging beam construction. Also called burden
a formula defining the relationship between bending A beam having both ends restrained against translation and a small pit dug to examine the existing soil conditions and
moment, bending stress, and the cross sectional properties 32. Fixed-end beam rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase 51. test pit determine the depth of the water table at proposed building
hi
14. Flexure formula of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending the rigidity of the beam, and reduce its maximum deflection. site.
moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to a system of shores for bracing or supporting a wall or other
develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series 52. shoring
of a beam section. structure
15. Fb=Mc/I Flexure formula of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both a temporary supporting structure esp. one placed obliquely
33. Continuous beam fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate 53. shore
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the sum of the products of each element of an area and the against the side of an excavation, formwork, or shore
square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. it is a structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and an inclined shore for supporting a wall. Also called raking
moments are dependent not only on span and loading but 54. raker
16. Moment of Inertia geometric property that indicates how the cross sectional shore.
area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect also on cross sectional shape and material a horizontal strut fixed between and supporting two walls
the intrinsic physical properties of a material The distance between inflection points in the span of a 55. flying shore
above ground level
A
A geometric property of a cross section, defined as the 34. Effective length fixed-end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the a watertight enclosure constructed underwater or in
17. Section modulus moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from actual length of a simply supported beam. 56. cofferdam water-bearing soil and pumped dry to allow access for
the neutral axis to the most remote surface. construction or repairs.
1
, STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
to remove water from an excavated job site, usually by ground that has been raised to a higher level by filling with the process by which groundwater is absorbed into the water
57. dewater 92. recharge
draining or pumping. 71. made ground hard rubble, such as stone or broken brick. Also called table
an unwanted flow of water and solid matter into an made-up ground the underground surface beneath which the earth is
93. water table
58. boil excavation, due to excessive outside water pressure. Also a pit from which sand, gravel, or other construction material saturated with water
72. borrow pit
called blow. is taken for use as fill in another location. something that drains of flows off, such as rain that flows off
94. runoff
a perforated pipe driven into the ground for pumping out an excavating operation in which the excavated material is the land in streams.
n
59. abyssinian well 73. cut and fill
collected ground water. moved to another location and used as fill the surface and subsurface drainage of a site in order to
a perforated tube driven into the ground to collect water from the ground elevation at any specific point on a construction 95. site drainage prevent the collection of excess surface water or
the surrounding area so it can be pumped away, as when 74. grade site, esp. where the ground meets the foundation of a groundwater
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60. wellpoint
lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from building. Also called grade line the grading and surfacing of a site in order to divert rainand
filling with groundwater the elevation of the original ground surface before 96. surface drainage other surface water into natural drainage patterns or a storm
75. existing grade
the act or ceremony of breaking ground for a new excavation or grading begins. Also called natural grade. sewer system
61. groundbreaking
construction project the elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved a wall or other structure intended to eliminate or reduce
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97. cutoff
the excavation and embankment of earth in connection with 76. finish grade surfaces after completion of construction or grading percolation through porous strata
62. earthwork
an engineering operation operations, Also, finished grade. a drain placed between the source of water and the area to
98. curtain drain
the digging and removal of earth from its natural position, or 77. below grade occuring or situated below the surface of the ground be protected. Also called intercepting drain
63. excavation
the cavity resulting from such removal a system of supports that enables an existing foundation to a perforated pipe installed in porous fill to draw off
99. underdrain
le
a steel rod attached to a deadman, a rigid foundation, or a be rebuilt, strengthened, or deepened, esp. the additional groundwater
78. underpinning
64. tieback rock or soil anchor to prevent lateral movement of a retaining support required when a new excavation in adjoining a drainage trench filled to ground level with loose stones or
100. french drain
wall or formwork property is deeper than the existing foundation rock fragments
any of a number of timber, steel, or precast concrete planks the cutting, filling, and shaping of earth in preparation for an undergorund network of piping for conveying groundwater
79. rough grading
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65. sheet pile driven vertically side by side to retain earth or prevent water finish grading to a point of disposal, such as a storm sewer system. Excess
subsurface
from seeping into an excavation. Also called sheath pile. the precise grading of an area after rough grading to prepare 101. groundwater reduces the load-carrying capacity of a
80. fine grading drainage
a number of boards joined together side by side to retain the for paving, seeding, or planting foundation soil and increases the hydrostatic pressure on a
66. lagging
face of an excation a stake marking the amount of cut or fill required to bring the building foundation
81. grade stake
a steel H-section driven vertically into the ground to support ground to a specified level. a drain for collecting surface water or rainwater from a
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67. soldier pile 102. area drain
horizontal sheeting or lagging. Also called soldier beam fill material that is placed in layers, compacted, and tested basement floor or paved area
a funnellike device with a pipe or tube for depositing 82. controlled fill after each compaction for moisture content, depth of lift, and a drainage pit lined with gravel or rubble to receive surface
68. tremie
concrete underwater bearing capacity before additional layers are placed 103. dry well water and allow it to percolate away to absorbent earth
a smooth parabolic curve in the vertical plane for connecting underground. Also called absorbing wall
83. vertical curve two grades of different slope in order to avoid an abrupt a covered hole through which a person may enter a sewer or
s
104. manhole
transition drain
an embankment constructed accross sloping ground with a a receptacle for the runoff of surface water, having a basin
84. bench terrace
ct
85.
86.
backfill
subgrade
steep drop on the downside
to refill an excavation with earth, stone, or other material,
esp. the space around exterior foundation walls
the prepared earth surface upon which a pavement,
concrete slab, or foundation is built. A subgrade should be
105. catch basin
106.
perched water
table
that retains heavy sediment before it can pass into an
underground drainpipe
a water table of limited area, held above the normal water
table by an impervious layer
a building drain for conveying rainwater, groundwater, or
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building storm
stable, drain well, and be relatively free of frost action 107. similar discharge to a building storm sewer or a combined
drain
a short beam passed through a wall as a temporary support sewer. Also called house storm drain
69. slurry wall 87. needle while the foundation or part beneath is repaired, altered, or a drain connecting a building storm drain to a storm sewer,
building storm
strengthened. Also called needle beam 108. combined sewer, or other point of disposal. Also called
sewer
hi
an upright timber for supporting a dead load during the house storm sewer.
88. dead shore structural alteration of a building, esp. one of two supports a sewer for conveying rainfall drained from roofs and paved
109. storm sewer
for a needle surfaces. Also called storm drain
one of a number of boards set horizontally with vertical a sewer conveying both sewage and rainfall drained from
a concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as sheeting and 110. combined sewer
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89. batter board stakes to support the strings outlining the foundation plan of roofs and paved surfaces
often as a permanent foundation wall, constructed by a proposed building 111. MAGNITUDE the amount of force, N
excavating a trench ni short lengths, filling it will with a slurry a shallow depression formed by the intersection of two refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is
of bentonite and water to prevent the sidewalls from 90. swale ground slopes, often designed to direct or divert the runoff of 112. DIRECTION usually described by the angle that the line of action makes
collapsing, setting reinforcement, and placing concrete in the surface water with some reference.
A
trench with a tremie to displace the slurry
the water beneath the surface of the ground that supplies 113. SENSE refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action
to raise an existing grade with earth, stone, or other material, 91. groundwater walls and springs, consisting largely of surface water that 114. COPLANAR all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
70. fill or the quantityof material used in building up the level of an has seeped down 115. PARALLEL all having the same direction
area,
116. CONCURRENT all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.
2
, STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
force x distance moment can be about any point called the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal
117. MOMENT
CENTER OF MOMENT deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross
163. AXIAL FORCE
distance from center of moment to force shortest or before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property of a section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or
141. DUCTILITY
118. MOMENT ARM perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of shear also called AXIAL LOAD
action of force. reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of the tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial
CONCENTRATED impending failure force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed
n
119. example is a beam supporting a column 164. AXIAL STRESS
LOADS the property of a material that enables it to deform in over the area of the cross section. Also called DIRECT
a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more 142. ELASTICITY response to an applied force and to recover its original size STRESS, NORMAL TRESS
120. UNIFORM LOADS and shape upon removal of the force
uniformly spaced concentrated loads. the act of shortening or state of being pushed together,
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165. COMPRESSION
121. OTHER LOADS varying load, moment load the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an elastic body
143. MALLEABILITY
HINGED shape when the load is released COMPRESSIVE an applied force producing or tending to produce
TYPES OF 166.
122. ROLLER the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy FORCE compression in an elastic body
SUPPORT before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress-
FIXED/ RESTRAINED force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural
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144. TOUGHNESS
123. TENSION pulls away from joint strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material. ECCENTRIC member but not to the centroid of he cross section,
167.
124. COMPRESSION pushes towards joint Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials FORCE producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the
125. SHEAR for connections a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio section. Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
126. ASTM AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS between a unit stress aSd the corresponding unit strain the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to
le
127. ACI AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE MODULUS OF caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke's law and external forces applied to it. Equal to the ratio of force to
145. 168. STRESS
According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches ____ ELASTICITY represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the area and expressed in units of force per unit of
128. 0.003 stress- strain line diagram. Also called COEFFICIENT OF cross-sectional area. Also called UNIT STRESS
It begins to crack
129. AISC AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an
TENSILE
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PERMANENT the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete 169. elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to
60, 60ksi, 146. STRESS
If a grade ___ steel (fy= ___=___ ) reaches a strain ___ it SET release of the stress producing deformation elongate it.
130. 414Mpa, 0.0021,
begins to yield of (___) the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a
2.1mm 170. TENSILE STRAIN
permanent set in a material, usually 0.2% of its original tensile stress
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit YIELD
STRESS- STRAIN 147. length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the
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131. stress values and the corresponding unit strains for a STRENGTH
DIAGRAM determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a 171. ELONGATION percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure
specific material
poorly defined yield point. Also called POOR STRESS in tensile test
PROPORTINAL maximum stress which the material springs back to the
132. STRAIN- RATE the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the
LIMIT original length when the load is released 148. REDUCTION OF
EFFECT in normally ductile material 172. percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test
maximum stress below which the material does not return to AREA
TEMPERATURE the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally specimen after rupturing in a tensile test
s
133. ELASTIC LIMIT its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation 149.
EFFECT ductile material the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured
we call permanent set TENSILE
STRESS the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained 173. by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any 150. STRENGTH
RELAXATION material under a constant load
134.
135.
YIELD POINT
ULTIMATE
STRENGTH
increase in the load. The material at some portion shows a
decrease in its cross section
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before
actual failure or rupture
ct
151. CREEP
the gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a
continued application of stress or prolonged exposure to
heat. ____ deflection in a concrete structure continues over
time and can be significantly grater than the initial elastic
174. STRAIN
rupture the material
the deformation of a body under the action of an applied
force. Strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of
the change in size and shape to the original size and shape
of a stressed element.
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RUPTURE
136. stress at which material specimen breaks deflection an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test
STRENGTH
the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the 175. STAIN GAUGE specimen caused by tension, compression, bending or
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the 152. FATIGUE
elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series of stresses twisting. Also called EXTENSOMETER
design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the
ALLOWABLE 153. 1000 Weight of water = ___ kg/ m3 a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of
137. material's elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. YOUNG'S
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STRESS 154. 7850 Weight of steel = ___ kg/ m3 176. longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain
Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING MODULUS
STRESS 155. 2400 Weight of concrete = ___ kg/ m3 caused by the strain.
the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic 156. weight density x volume POISSON'S the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal
138. ELASTIC RANGE 177.
deformation 157. volume of cylinder [pi (diameter)2 x length]/4 RATIO strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an
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a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body 158. 14.5 ksi Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is ___ COMPRESSIVE
ELASTIC 159. 24 ksi Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is ___ 178. elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces
139. produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of the STRESS
DEFORMATION 160. 29,000 ksi Modulus of elasticity (E) is ___ tending to shorten it.
material
the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting COMPRESSIVE the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a
161. TENSION 179.
under stress with little evident deformation. Since brittle in the elongation of an elastic body STRAIN compressive stress
A
140. BRITLENESS the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external
materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they 162. TENSILE FORCE an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in
can give no warning of impending material an elastic body 180. SHEAR force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an
adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact
3
, STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in a concrete section in which the concrete in compression Uniformed thickness may be reinforced in two directions and
181. SHEAR FORCE
the body reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension 221. Two-way slab cast integrally with supporting beams and columns on all
OVERREINFORC
an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, 198. reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a four sides of square or nearly square bays
ED SECTION
SHEARING developed by a body in response to shear, shearing in a dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur 222. Two-way slab It needs moment resisting reinforcement in both directions.
182.
FORCE vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a horizontal instantaneously without warning If the ratio of the lengths of long and short side is less than
plane and vise versa a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement 223. Two-way slab two then moment in both direction should be considered in
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the force per unit area developed along a section of an reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in design
SHEARING
183. elastic body to resist a shear force. Also called SHEAR UNDERREINFOR compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This is 224. Two-way slab m=B/A < 2
STRESS 199.
STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS CED SECTION desirable condition since failure of the section would be
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225. Two-way slab m=A/B ≥ 0.5
the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to preceded by large deformations giving prior warning of Minimum diameter of steel bars: ___mm both bottom and
SHEARING impending collapse 226. 12mm
184. shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle top bars (Two-way slab)
STRAIN
of the deformation slabs, 227. Flat slab A type of concrete floor which has no beam
a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio beams, 228. NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
200. Structural members
ct
SHEAR columns,
between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing 229. ACI American Concrete Institute
185. MODULUS OF footing
strain produced by the strain. Also called MODULUS OF 230. ASEP Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
ELASTICITY
RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION It needs moment resisting reinforcement only in its 231. ASTM American Society for Testing of Materials
the bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied 201. One-way slab short-direction because the moment along long axis is so
232. PNS 07 Specs for Portland cement
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transversely to its length. Bending is the structural small that it can be neglected
233. PNS 18 Specs for Concrete Aggregates
186. BENDING mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that Type of slab when the ratio of short span to the long span of
202. One-way slab 234. PNS 49 Specs for steel bars for concrete reinforcement
enables a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular a slab is less than 0.50
235. AISC American Institute for Steel Construction
to its application When the ratio of the length of long direction to short
203. One-way slab Where can we stop pouring ready mixed concrete on slab if
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TRANSVERSE a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural direction of a slab is greater than two
187. pouring cannot be done in one setting?
FORCE member, producing bending and shear 204. One-way slab m=B/A > 2
236. b a. At the center
the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause 205. One-way slab m=A/B < 0.5 b. at the middle third of the slab
188. TORQUE
rotation or torsion c. at the shearing points
the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis
C
As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending
189. TORSION caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing
_____
shearing stresses in the body
237. b a. decreses
the depth of concrete section measured from the 206. One-way slab b. increases
EFFECTIVE
190. compression face to the centroid of the tension c. no effect
LENGTH
reinforcement
s
Indeterminate to A beam with two fixed supports indeterminate to what
the amount of concrete required to protect steel 238.
the 3rd degree degree?
reinforcement from fire and corrosion, measured from the W/L is less than 0.5 it has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars
191. COVER
239. Tied Columns
192. BOND STRESS
surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete
section
the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing
bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section
of a flexural member
ct
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
t=l/20
t=l/24
t=l/28
t=l/10
l
if slab is simply supported
if one end is continuous
if both ends continuous
if cantilevered
is the width of the OWS (symbol)
240.
241.
242.
200mm
10mm
40mm
held in position by lateral reinforcements called lateral ties
Minimum dimension of Tied Columns
Minimum ties for main of Tied Columns
Minimum clear cover ___mm if not in contact with the ground
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of Tied Columns
a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment 212. 100mm minimum thickness of one way slab Minimum clear cover: contact with the ground of Tied
193. HOOK length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in 213. 10mm minimum reinforcing steel bars: top bars or temperature bars 243. 50mm
Columns
adequate embedment length 214. 12mm minimum reinforcing steel bars: bottom bars or main bars Minimum clear cover: mm if permanently in contact with the
STANDARD a 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar St ≤ 5t or St ≤ 244. 75mm
194. ground of Tied Columns
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HOOK according to standards 215. Spacing of steel bars: Temperature bars:
450mm Tied Columns: Pouring of concrete shall be ____; if pouring
any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, S ≤ 3t or s ≤ monolithic, middle
245. cannot be done in one setting, one can stop at the _____
for developing tension or compression in a reinforcing bar on 216. 450mm or s ≥ Spacing of steel bars: Main bars third
195. ANCHORAGE _____ of the column
each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure 100mm
or splitting Tied Columns: spacing between main bars: ___ but not less
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Minimum concrete cover: 246. 1.5db, 40mm
than _____
the section of a flexural concrete member at a point of 217. 20mm a. ___mm if neither exposed to weather nor in contact
CRITICAL maximum stress, a point of inflection, or appoint within the term given where a circular concrete core is enclosed by
196. permanently to the ground 247. Spiral Column
SECTION span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist spirals with vertical or longitudinal bars
Minimum concrete cover: 248. 6-16mm dia Spiral Column: minimum RSB
stress 218. 50mm
b. ___mm if exposed to weather 249. 75mm Max spacing of spirals
A
a concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically
BALANCED Minimum concrete cover: 250. 25mm Minimum spacing of spirals: not less than ___mm
197. reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in 219. 75mm
SECTION c. ___mm if permanently in contact with the ground Single;
compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
rebars placed perpendicular to load supporting bars to 251. Isolated footing It is an individual spread footing supporting freestanding
220. Temperature bars
prevent cracking due to temperature changes columns and piers.
4
