Advanced Pathophysiology | ACCURATE AND
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2025 150+ QUESTIONS
Third-order neurons carry information to the
- ANSWER sensory cortex and reticular and limbic systems for pain processing and
interpretation.
Efferent pathways from the PAG are responsible for modulation or inhibition of
afferent pain signals.
- ANSWER
The thalamus cortex, and postcentral gyrus perceive, describe, and localize: -
ANSWER Pain
The reticular formation and limbic system control the
- ANSWER emotional and affective response to pain.
Pain threshold is the point at which pain is perceived. Pain threshold does not vary
significantly among people or within the same person over time.
- ANSWER
Pain tolerance is the duration of time or the intensity of pain that an individual will
ensure before initiating overt pain response.
,- ANSWER
Tolerance varies widely among individuals and in the same individual over time
and in the same individual over time. - ANSWER
Descending inhibitory or facilitatory pathways facilitate pain. - ANSWER
Segmental inhibition is the peripheral stimulation of nociceptors by touch nuclei,
and neurotransmitter inhibit or vibration or pressure resulting in closure of the
spinal cord pain gate. - ANSWER
The higher brain centers also can
- ANSWER influence painful stimuli (heterosegmental control of nociception) as
well as inhibition from the caudal medulla (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls).
Thus pain can be modulated with:
- ANSWER Stimulation from the periphery or by descending impulses from the
brain
Cognitive expectation can attenuate or intensify pain and this is known as the: -
ANSWER Placebo and nocebo effects.
Pain neurotransmitters can be classified as inflammatory excitatory, and inhibitory
modulators of pain.
- ANSWER
,Inflammatory neurotransmitters are usually excitatory. Gammaaminobutyric acid
(GABA) and glycine are inhibitors of pain.
- ANSWER
Endogenous opioids are a family of morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibit
transmission of pain by acting on:
- ANSWER specific opiod receptors (mu [μ] kappa [κ], and delta [δ]).
Classifications of pain include
- ANSWER A: nociceptive pain (with a known physiologic cause)
B: nonnociceptive pain (neuropathic pain)
Acute pain
- ANSWER signal to the person of a harmful stimulus
Chronic pain
- ANSWER Persistence of pain of unknown cause or unusual response to therapy.
Acute pain may be
- ANSWER (a) somatic (superficial)
(b) visceral (internal)
(c) referred (present in an area distant from its origin).
Somatic pain arises from
- ANSWER connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin and is sharp and localized.
, Visceral pain is from
- ANSWER internal organs and is transmitted by sympathetic afferents and is
poorly localized.
Referred pain usually arises from the viscera and terminates
- ANSWER in an area of the spinal cord that is conjoined with fibers originating in
the skin and other areas and thereby produces the perception of pain at the
referred site.
that is conjoined with fibers originating in the skin and other areas and thereby
produces
- ANSWER
the perception of pain at the referred site.
- ANSWER
Physiologic responses to acute pain include
- ANSWER increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure; pallor or
flushing; dilated pupils; and diaphoresis. Blood glucose level is elevated; gastric
secretion and motility are decreased; and blood flow to the viscera and skin is
decreased.
Chronic pain generally lasts
- ANSWER at least 3 months and may be persistent. for example, low back pain
myofascial pain syndromes, chronic postoperative pain, and chronic pain
associated with cancer.
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