MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research And Reasoning S
MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research and Reasoning S
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MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research and Reasoning Skills || with 100% Correct Answers.
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MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research and Reasoning S
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MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research And Reasoning S
major skills needed to answer questions involving research methods: correct answers - identifying research questions and variables
- considering strengths and weaknesses of measurements and methodologies
- interpreting quantitative analysis of data
- evaluating the conclusions drawn from data an...
MCAT Reasoning Chapter 2: Research and Reasoning Skills
|| with 100% Correct Answers.
major skills needed to answer questions involving research methods: correct answers -
identifying research questions and variables
- considering strengths and weaknesses of measurements and methodologies
- interpreting quantitative analysis of data
- evaluating the conclusions drawn from data analysis.
3 keys correct answers - in experimental setup, independent variable is manipulated and
dependent variable measured or observed.
- correlated factors do not necessarily indicate a causal relationship.
- narrate research based passages and questions; identify the hypothesis, variables, methods, and
results. Interpret data as it relates to hypothesis.
scientific method's general steps correct answers 1. question
2. hypothesis
3. study design
4. measurements/data collection
5. data analysis
6. conclusions
the 'Question' correct answers a successful study based on a testable research question
(accurately evaluated using the methods of scientific research). generally based off of prior
research in related areas to educate the question; furthers the understanding of the collective field
at large.
definition of a theory correct answers a proposed explanation of the causes and mechanisms of a
natural phenomenon - broader than a hypothesis. also influences the development of research
questions.
2 different types of research correct answers - applied research: attempts to find practical
solutions to problems
- basic research: tries to explain fundamental principles of how the world works.
definition of natural sciences correct answers the study of processes in the natural world, such as
laws of physics or life processes of biological organisms.
definition of social science correct answers examines phenomena in social world, often on
behavior and interactions
the 'hypothesis' correct answers the researcher's prediction of the answer to the research question.
an educated prediction, informed by past findings and scientific theory.
, Must be testable - a study must be able to either support or refute. generally concerns
relationship between 2 variables.
definition of variables: correct answers aspects of the study that can have different values and be
measured or categorized.
the variable predicted to have a causal effect is the independent variable. In experiment setting, it
is the one that researchers control.
dependent variable: what researchers measure; predicted to be dependent on Ind. variable.
the 'Study Design' correct answers designed to produce results to support or refute the
hypothesis.
the 'Measurements/Data Collection' correct answers depends upon operationalization, the act of
approximating the true variables of interest with ones that can be measured. ex: stress leading to
poorer memory. Neither of these are actually quantifiable variables, so you can use 'witnessing
an event that generally causes stress', like a crime, and a specific test of memory that has
quantifiable results.
the 'Analysis' correct answers statistical analyses provide methods of describing and interpreting
measured data. shows support or refutation of hypothesis by mathematics.
the 'Conclusion' correct answers numerical results from stat analysis must be interpreted by
researcher.
4 different types of measurement scales in analysis correct answers Nominal, Ordinal, Interval,
Ratio
Nominal scale correct answers Data classified into non-ordered categories
- ex: eye color as blue, grey, hazel.
Ordinal scale correct answers classification into ordered categories:
- ex: pain, from mild to moderate to severe.
Severe should follow moderate, while it didn't matter if hazel followed or preceded grey.
does not convey relative degree of difference; difference from mild to moderate might be greater
or larger than from moderate to severe. so difficult to compare values.
(interval or ratio scales must be used to collect data with meaningful degrees of significance)
correct answers
interval scale correct answers the intervals between values on scale are meaningful. however, has
an arbitrary zero, so ratios between values not useful.
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